To browse Academia. He neglected to consider the fact that dozens of other people knew Venice even better than Mr. Howells, perhaps, but could never have written “Venetian Life. Laurence Raw. I published the book on behalf of the British Council during Nina Ergin Macaraig. Thomas F Madden. Ezgi Dikici. This thesis examines the architectural works commissioned by Ottoman court eunuchs between the fifteenth and the eighteenth century, with special focus on Istanbul.

As the first study that attempts to evaluate the collective behavior of Ottoman court eunuchs as patrons of architecture, it endeavors to chart particular patterns, trends, similarities, and differences among the works of eunuchs in terms of choice of architectural type, location, size, inscriptions, and decorative elements.

Contextualizing individual projects within a historical narrative of eunuch patronage, it explores how the eunuchs’ architectural output related to their identities, status, and power, as well as to the conceptions of propriety that informed building commissions. This thesis highlights a hitherto poorly studied part of the history of Ottoman court eunuchs, as it brings to the fore the white eunuch patrons who dominated the period before institutional change in the late sixteenth century allowed the chief black eunuch to emerge as an important figure in court politics.

It is argued that the Ottoman court eunuch patronage had two main veins, one dominated by white eunuchs and the other by the chief black eunuch, two distinct eunuch identities which differ from one another on the basis of not only race, but also social origins, employment patterns, career prospects, and probably gender identities. Federica A. Marc David Baer. Ayse Naz Bulamur.

King K. Paolo Girardelli. Biuletyn Historii Sztuki, Vol. LXXV, No. Jens Hanssen. Sami Abadan. Tages Gekatoff. Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we’ll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. Related Papers. The Image of the Turk in Western Literature Istanbul: Ajansfa There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text.

He accordingly read, as every good English-speaking Venetian does, Mr. How- ells’s “Venetian Life. Howells knew Venice. Why shouldn’t I write a Constantinople Life ‘?

Howells, per- haps, but could never have written “Venetian Life. He went back, in the course of time, to Constantinople, with no other intent than to produce his imitation of Mr. And the reader will doubtless smile at the remoteness of resemblance between that perfect httle book and this big one. Aside, however, from the primary difference between two pens, circumstances further intervened to deflect this book from its original aspiration.

As the writer made acquaintance with in the field, his predecessors he was struck by the fact that Constantinople, in com- parison with Venice and I know not how many other cities, and particularly that Turkish Constantinople, has been wonderfully httle “exploited” — at least in our generation and by users of our language.

He therefore turned much of his attention to its commoner aspects — which Mr. Howells inVenice felt, very happily, under no obhgation to do. And soon after his re- turn there took place the revolution of , whose various consequences have attracted so much of inter- national notice during the last five years.

It was but natural that events so moving should find some reflection in the pages of an avowed impressionist. Incidentally, however, it has come about that the Constantinople of this book is a Constantinople in transition. The first chapter to be written was the one called “A Turkish Village.

I therefore leave it practically un- touched, as a record of the old Constantinople of which I happened to see the last.

And as years go by much of the rest of the book can only have a similar documen- tary reference. At the same timehave tried to catch an atmosphere I of Constantinople that change does not affect and to point out certain things of permanent interest as in — the chapters on mosque yards, gardens, and fountains, as well as in numerous references to the old Turkish house.

Being neither a Byzantinist nor an Orientalist, and, withal, no expert in questions of art, I realise that the true expert will find much to take exception to. More- over, I have unexpectedly been obhged to correct my proofs in another country, far from books and from the friends who might have helped to save my face before the critic.

I shall welcome his attacks, however, if a little more interest be thereby awakened in a place and a people of which the outside world entertains the vaguest ideas. In this book, as in the Hst of books at its end, I have attempted to do no more than to suggest. Of the list in question I am the first to acknowledge that it is in no proper sense a bibliography. I hardly need say that it does not begin to be complete.

If it did it would fill more pages than the volume it belongs to. It con- tains almost no original sources and it gives none of the detailed and classified information which a bibfiography should. It is merely what I call it, a Hst of books, of more popular interest, in the languages more commonly read by Anglo-Saxons, relating to the two great periods of Constantinople and various phases of the history and art of each, together with a few better-known works of general literature.

I must add a word with regard to the speUing of the Turkish names and words which occur in these pages. The great difficulty of rendering in Enghsh the sound of foreign words is that Enghsh, hke Turkish, does not spell itself.

For that reason, and because whatever in- terest this book may have will be of a general rather than of a speciahsed kind, I have ventured to deviate a Kttle from the logical system of the Royal Geographical Society. I have not done so with regard to consonants, which have the same value as in Enghsh, with the ex- ception that g is always hard and 5 is never pronounced hke z.

Y, as I use it, is half a consonant, as in yes. As for the other vowels, they are to be pronounced in general as in the Conti- nental languages. But many newspaper readers might be surprised to learn that the town where the Bulgarians gained their initial success during the Balkan war was not Kirk Kihss, and that the second syllable of the first name of the late Mahmud Shefket Pasha did not rhyme with bud.

I therefore weakly pander to the Anglo- Saxon eye by tagging a final e with an admonitory h, and I illogically fall back on the French ou — or that of our own word through. There is another vowel sound in Turkish which the general reader will probably give up in despair. This is uttered with the teeth close together and the tongue near the roof of the mouth, and is very much Kke the pronunciation we give to the last syllable of words ending in tion or to the n’t in needn’t.

It is generally rendered in foreign languages by i and some- times in Enghsh by the u of sun. Neither really ex- presses it, however, nor does any other letter in the Roman alphabet. I have therefore chosen to indicate it by i, chiefly because the circumflex suggests a dif- ference.

For the reader’s further guidance in pronuncia- tion I will give him the rough-and-ready rule that all Turkish words are accented on the last syllable.

But this does not invariably hold, particularly with double vowels — as in the name Hiissein, or the word serai, pal- ace. Our commona and i, as in lake and like, are really similar double vowel sounds, similarly accented on the first. The same rules of pronunciation, though not of accent, apply to the few Greek words I have had occa- sion to use. I have made no attempt to transliterate them.

Stamboul I continue so to call, though to the Turks something more like Istambol; and it is words like bey, caique, and sultan have long since been naturalised in the West. I have made an exception, however, with regard to Turkish personal names, and in mentioning the reigning Sultan or his great ancestor, the Conqueror, I have followed not the European but the Turkish usage, which reserves the form Mohammed for the Prophet alone.

This is not a book of learning, but I have required a great deal of help in putting it together, and I cannot close this prefatory note without acknowledging my in- debtedness to more kind friends than I have space to name. Most of all I owe to Mr. Burlingame, of Scribner’s Magazine, and to my father. Dwight, without whose encouragement, moral and material, during many months, I could never have afforded the luxury of writing a book.

I am also under obligation to their Excellencies, J. Leishman, O. Straus, and W. Rockhill, American ambassadors to the Porte, and especially to the last, for cards of admis- sion, letters of introduction, and other facilities for col- lecting material. Among many others who have taken the trouble to give me assistance of one kind or another I particularly wish to express my acknowledgments to Arthur Baker, Esq.

Christophoros, Bishop of Pera; to F. Mortimer Clapp, Esq. Panayotti D. Otterson, Esq. Arshag to E. Roth, Esq. My thanks are also due to the editors of the Atlantic Monthly, of Scribner’s Magazine, and of the Spectator, for allowing me to repubhsh those chapters which orig- inally came out in their periodicals. And I am not least grateful to the publishers for permitting me to change the scheme of my book while in preparation, and to sub- stitute new illustrations for a large number that had al- ready been made.

Hamadan, 6th Sefer, Roth Divan Yolou 9 A house in Eyoub But what was my astonishment, and I may add mor- tification, on beholding, for the first time, this magnificent city I had!

Nothing did I ever con- ceive could equal the extent of my native place; but here my eyes became tired with wandering over the numerous hills and creeks thickly covered with buildings, which seemed to bid defiance to calculation. If Ispahan was half the world, this indeed was the whole.

And then this gem of cities possesses this great advantage over Ispahan, that it is situated on the borders of a beautiful succession of waters, instead of being surrounded by arid and craggy mountains; and, in addition to its own extent and beauty, enjoys the advantage of being reflected in one never-failing mirror, ever at hand to multiply them.

No one is better aware of the necessity of such a law than the present scribe, as he struggles with the temptation to declare anew that there are two races of men. Where, for instance, do they betray themselves more perfectly than in Stam- boul? You Hke Stamboul or you dislike Stamboul, and there seems to be no half-way ground between the two opinions. I notice, however, that conversion from the latter rank to the former is not impossible.

I cannot say that I ever really belonged, myself, to the enemies of Stamboul. Stamboul entered too early into my con- sciousness and I was too early separated from her to ask myself questions; and it later happened to me to fall under a potent spell. But there came a day when I returned to Stamboul from Italy.

I felt a scarcely definable change in the atmosphere as soon as we crossed the Danube. The change grew more and more marked as we neared the Turkish fron- tier. And I reahsed to whathad been trending when it at last we entered a breach of the old Byzantine wall and whistled through a long seaside quarter of wooden houses more tumble-down and unpainted than I remem- bered wooden houses could be, and dusty little gardens, and glimpses of a wide blue water through ruinous ma- sonry, and people as out-at-elbow and down-at-the-heel as their houses, who even at that shining hour of a sum- mer morning found time to smoke hubble-bubbles in tipsy httle coffee-houses above the Marmora or to squat motionless on their heels beside the track and watch the fire-carriage of the unbehever roll in from the West.

I have never forgotten — nor do successive experiences seem to dull the sharpness of the impression that — abysmal drop from the general European level of spruce- ness and sohdity. Yet Stamboul, if you belong to the same race of men as I, has a way of rehabilitating her- self in your eyes, perhaps even of making you adopt her point of view. Not that I shall try to gloss over her case.

Stamboul not for the race of men that is must have trimness, smoothness, regularity, and mod- ern conveniences, and the latest amusements. She has ambitions in that direction. I may live to see her at- tain them. I have aheady Hved to see half of the Stam- boul once knew burn to the ground and the other I half experiment in Haussmannising.

But there is still enough of the old Stamboul left to leaven the new. It is very bumpy to drive over. It is ill-painted and out of repair. It is somewhat intermittently served by the scavenger. What he knows is the fountain or the cofTee-house near which he lives, and the quarter in which both are situ- ated, named perhaps Coral, or Thick Beard, or Eats No Meati or Sees Not Day; and it remains for you to find that quarter and that fountain.

Nevertheless, if you belong to the race of men that is amused by such things, that is curious about the ways and thoughts of other men and feels under no responsibility to change them, that can see happy arrangements of light and shade, of form and colour, without having them pointed out and in very common materials, that is not repelled by things which look old and out of order, that is even attracted by things which do look so and therefore have a mellowness of tone and a richness of association if — you belong to this race of men you will Hke Stamboul, and the chances are that you will like it very much.

You must not make the other mistake, however, of expecting too much in the way of colour. Constanti- nople lies, it is true, in the same latitude as Naples; but the steppes of Russia are separated from it only by the not too boundless steppes of the Black Sea.

The colour of Constantinople is a compromise, therefore, and not always a successful one, between north and south. While the sun shines for half the year, and summer rain is an exception, there is something hard and un- suffused about the light. Only on certain days of south wind are you reminded of the Mediterranean, and more rarely still of the autumn Adriatic. As for the town itself, it is no white southern city, being in tone one of the soberest.

I could never bring myself, as some writers do, to speak of silvery domes. It is only the lesser min- arets that are white; and here and there on some lifted pinnacle a small half-moon makes a flash of gold. While the high lights of Stamboul, then, are grey, this stone Stamboul is small in proportion to the darker Stamboul that fills the wide interstices between the mosques a — Stamboul of weathered wood that is just the colour of an etching.

It has always seemed to me, indeed, that Stamboul, above all other cities I know, waits to be etched. Those fine lines of dome and minaret are for copper rather than canvas, while those crowded houses need the acid to bring out the richness of their shadows. Stamboul has waited a long time. Besides Frank Brangwyn and E. Roth, I know of no etcher who has tried his needle there. And neither of those two has done what I could imagine Whistler doing — a Long Stamboul as seen from the opposite shore of the Golden Horn.

When the archaeologists tefl you that Constan- tinople, like Rome, is built on seven hills, don’t believe them. They are merely riding a hobby-horse so an- cient that I, for one, am ashamed to mount it. Con- stantinople, or that part of which is now Stamboul, it lies on two hills, of which the more important is a long ridge dominating the Golden Horn. Its crest is not always at the same level, to be sure, and its slopes are naturally broken by ravines.

If Rome, however, had been built on fourteen hills it would have been just as easy to find the same number in Constantinople. That steep promontory advancing between sea and sea to- ward a steeper Asia must always have been something to look at. But I find it hard to believe that the city of Constantine and Justinian can have marked so noble an outline against the sky as the city of the sultans.

Of the many voyagers who have celebrated the pan- orama of Constantinople, not a few have recorded their disappointment on coming to closer acquaintance.

De gusdbus I have small respect, however, for the taste of those who find that the mosques will not bear inspection.

I shall presently have something more par- ticular to say in that matter. But since I am now speak- ing of the general aspects of Stamboul I can hardly pass over the part played by the mosques and their depen- dencies. A grey dome, a white minaret, a black cypress — that is the group which, recurring in every possible composition, makes up so much of the colour of the streets. On the monumental scale of the imperial mosques it ranks among the supreme a architectural effects.

On smaller scale never lacks charm. One element of this it charm is so simple that I wonder it has not been more widely imitated. Almost every mosque is enclosed by a wall, sometimes of smooth ashler with a pointed coping, sometimes of plastered cobblestones tiled at the top, often with snapdragon and camomile daisies.

For he knew, the crafty man, that a grille or a lattice is always pleasant to look through, and that it somehow lends interest to the barest prospect.

There hardly a street of Stamboul in which some is such window does not give a glimpse into the peace and gravity of the East. The windows do not all look into mosque yards. Many more look into a patch of ground where tall turbaned and lichened stones lean among cypresses or where a more or less stately mausoleum, a tilrbeh, lifts its dome. Life and death seem never very far apart in Constantinople.

In other cities the fact that hfe has an end is put out of sight as much as pos- sible. Here it is not only acknowledged but taken ad- vantage of for decorative purposes.

Even Divan Yolou, the Street of the Council, which is the principal avenue of Stamboul, owes much of its character to the tombs and patches of cemetery that border it. Several sultans and grand viziers and any number of more obscure per- sons lie there neighbourly to the street, from which he who strolls, if not he who runs, may read — if Arabic letters be familiar to him — half the history of the empire.

Of the houses of the living I have already hinted that they are less permanent in appearance. Until very re- cently they were all built of wood, and they all burned down ever so often. Consequently Stamboul has begun to rebuild herself in brickand concrete.

I shall not com- plain of it, admit that it is not well for Stamboul to for I continue burning down. I also admit that Stamboul must modernise some of her habits. It is a matter of the greatest urgency if Stamboul wishes to continue to exist.

Yet I am sorry to have the old wooden house of Stamboul disappear. It is not merely that I am a fa- natic in things of other times. That house is, at its best, so expressive a piece of architecture, it is so simple and so dignified inits hues, it contains so much wisdom for the modern decorator, that I am sorry for it to disappear and leave no report of itself.

They are descended, I suppose, from the old Byzantine houses. The windows in general make up a great part of the character of the house, so big and so numerous are they. They are all latticed, unless Chris- tians happen to live in the house; but above the lattices is sometimes a second tier of windows, for light, whose small round or oval panes are decoratively set in broad white mullions of plaster.

For the most original part of its effect, however, the house counts on its upper storey, which juts out over the street on stout timbers curved like thebow of a ship. Sometimes these corbels balance each other right and left of the centre of the house, which may be rounded on the principle of a New York “swell front,” only more gracefully, and occasionally a third storey leans out beyond the second. This arrangement gives more space to the upper floors than the ground it- self affords and also assures a better view.

If it inci- dentally narrows and darkens the street, think the I passer-by can only be grateful for the fine line of the curving brackets and for the summer shade. He is further protected from the sunby the broad eaves of the house, supported, perhaps, by little brackets of their own. Under them was stencilled of old an Arabic in- vocation, which more rarely decorated a blue-and-white tile and which nowadays is generally printed on paper and framed hke a picture — “O Protector,” “O Con- queror,” “O Proprietor of Property.

The inside of the house is almost as simple as the outside — orused to be before Europe infected it. A it great entrance hall, paved with marble, runs through the house from street to garden, for almost no house in Stam- boul lacks its patch of green; and branching or double stairways lead to the upper regions. The rooms opening out on either hand contain almost no furniture. Of real wood- carving there is practically none, though the doors are panelled in great variety and the principle of the lattice is much usjed.

There may also be a fireplace, not set A house at Aya Kapou offby a mantel, but by a tall pointed hood. And if there isa second tier of windows they may contain stained glass or some interesting scheme of mullioning. But do not look for chairs, tables, draperies, pictures, or any of the thousand gimcracks of the West that only fill a room without beautifying it.

A long low divan runs under the windows, the whole length of the wall, or perhaps of two, furnished with rugs and embroidered cushions.

Of wall space there is mercifully very little, windows for the crowd so closely together that there is no room to put anything between them, and the view is consciously made the chief ornament of the room.

Still, on the inner walls The house of the pipe may hang a text or two, written by or copied from some great calligraphist. The art of forming beautiful letters has been carried to great perfection by the Turks, who do not admit — or who until recently did not admit — any representation of living forms. Inscriptions, there- fore, take with them the place of pictures, and they col- lect the work of famous calHgraphs as Westerners collect other works of art. There are various systems of form- ing them, and there is no limit to the number of ways in which they may be grouped.

By adding to an inscrip- tion its reverse, it is possible to make a symmetrical figure which sometimes resembles a mosque, or the letters may be fancifully made to suggest a bird or a ship.

Texts from the Koran, invocations of the Almighty, the names of the caliphs and of the companions of the Prophet, and verses of Persian poetry are all favourite subjects for the calligrapher. But I can see that you can not walk either, because you are limping.

So listen to what I have to say to you. With one [toward] God, and with the other [toward] the harlot? With one [toward] God, and with the other [toward] the world? Yes, says Saint Chrysostom, because God’s forbearance punishes twice as much the unrepentant. Please try to think of it a little better God wanted to do a benevolent act toward the ungrateful people of Jerusalem; and there, in a fi:.

The miracle occurred there in one place [only], only one time, one time each year. Here, fthat same miracle] happens in every city and country and Christian church, every day and every hour, as long as we want it to [happen] Here, it is not an Angel, a pure spirit, to see our passions. Let it be pride, let it be slander, let it be blasphemy. You still do not rush to repentance so that you can receive forgiveness and salvation’ Your sickness [is] so serious and your healing so easy, and you [still] do not want it?

Sheep Gale. Oil i ,w TOV a. You distance yourself [from God] today a lot, tomorrow [even] more. You distance yourself [from God] and wonder around like the lost sheep on the corrupted path to death. Away from the Church, away from the Holy Mysteries, away from yourself, and far away from God.

And God. Do you not feel in your hea11 sometirnes the control of your conscience” It is God’s hand at that time that pulls the rope to lead you to repentance. B ut you, d0 not come, aI ‘mVlted, though. You are nailed inside the arms OfyOUf prostitute. You are bound by the chains of your avarice You are rooted in evil.

At the end the rope breaks: God gets burdened, angered, He lets you go and you fall, miserable human being, in complete 61] Rom ; English translation: “Or do. Do you not realize that God’s kindness is meant to feadyou to repentance? Who was at fault? You [were]. Who feels sorry for you’ No one [does]. But I exorcise you in the name of the Living God, my Christian brother, do not let that rope be cut in half.

When the goodness of God pulls you toward repentance, return to God. God keeps His arms open to accept you [b ac k] Wit. Methodios, a pious and wise monk, was sent by God and the Church to catechize in the Olthodox faith of Christ the Bulgarian king, who, passing from idolatry to the knowledge of God, was baptized and subjected himself and his province to the Roman kingdom and the throne of Constantinople.

In the one on the Second Coming he presented the Son of God sitting on a high and raised from the ground throne, with a lot of power and glory, dressed with the light of Divine Glory. There were thousands of Angels that stood by; innumerable multitudes of people being judged, awaiting the decision of the fearful Judge; the sign of the Cross that appeared in front of the table of sacrifice; the river of fire streaming out of the fiery throne; and all the other detailed events of the future judgment.

This is a catechetical homily on Repentance. And everyday, the wise teacher [Methodios], would place both urawings in front of[the eyes] of the student-king, to make him realize that this is the judgement and hell for a sinner; and with that he tried to strengthen him is the right faith and to lead him to the God-loving life. I praise the teaching style and skill of the righteous Methodios, and I wanted to imitate that teaching style. From that l got the idea, in the two previous sermons, to create two icons for you, and on one I painted the future judgment, and on the other the etemal hell.

The reason I did this was to lead you toward repentance, which is the only path for you to avoid both, the wrath of the future Judgment and the tortures of eternal Hell, for which I come to speak to you today. V aV7. But, alas l You still wait? You still do not repent? And you still insist on your opinion, your passion, your sin’ Coldhearted and irreparable sinners, listen to what I come to tell you today; I want to talk to you about Repentance, but I will prove to you that: he who can [repent today] but does not repent, maybe will not be able to repent when he will want to repent.

Is it God s Grace alone, or God’s Grace and man’s will together? The heresy of the Pclagians 62J is that the will of man alone, without the Grace of God, is enough to justify and save man. The heresy of the Lutheran Calvinists is that the Grace of God alone, without the will of man, does the same.

The others teach that the Grace [of God] is not necessary to complement the human will. They [on the other hand] teach that the [human] wiil is free like the Grace.

But neither the will of man alone, nor the grace of God alone, but both the will and Grace can justify and save man. The true opinion of the Orthodox is that the Grace is always necessary and the will is always free. Christ says, ‘whoever wants to follow me, let him deny himself. And He says again, ‘without me, you can not do anything’: “Xwph;; c:P.

God, Who created man without [the will ot] man, can not save man without [the will ot1 man, meaning without man wanting it, says the prudent St. For us to be saved, it has to come, both, from us and from God. And St. Chrysostom says that Grace, and Grace 6:’. God’s grace invites, but man’s will has to accept the invitation.

If one remains a sinner for a long time, without repenting, those two wheels, those two wings, Will and Grace. Will gets weak by long habit; Grace gets weak by procrastination. Let us start trom the first one. Of course the will of man is more inclined toward the evil, rather than toward good; he climbs toward virtue with “‘-great difficulty; but he falls easilv to evil; and if he When the city of Pentapolis was burned from that tire that rained from heaven to burn that wicked sin, God wanted to save the Just Lot 6.

Walk as fast as you can and make sure that you never look back. Do not look back, because it is dangerous by a look Mk, ‘1’, The whole earth is on fire, burning from sin; flames come from all directions and in the outside they burn the people, but they also entered Christ’s Church, everywhere, in any age and [social] class; and evil possesses laymen and priests, men and women, elderly, young and children.

Kat J7ff. That is what the grace of God says, but the human nature does not listen; and it does not walk straight on the path of the Divine Commandments; he remains lazy and turns toward evil; and as he turns around, he is trapped by evil and remains trapped: he turns around to look at that face, and he is trapped by the wishes of the flesh; he turns around to look at that profit, and he is trapped by avarice; he turns around to look at that vain glory, and he is trapped by pride: he turns around to look at the evil, he saw evil, [and] he became stiff toward evil; he became a column of salt, like Lot’s wife; stiff and immobile toward evil [And human] will became habit, which is second law in politics, [but] second nature in moral issues, and both nature and law to the will.

Nature, which at the end becomes necessity and influences with in. How many times do we do certain things out of habit, things that otherwise we would not do by nature? A law that at the end becomes tyrannical and violates the laws of the free will.

How many times do we act, not because we want to, but [rather] because we are used to [acting that wayp o t he WIof! Although difficult, authority is a desirable thing; we give up our life with more ease, than we give up authority. At the beginning Ninos refused her request, and told her that this would be improper and that whatever else she might want [she can have] with pleasure, but to give her all the authority, in the hands of 63 ‘or, “passions You should have never left in the hands of an arrogant woman the scepter of authority!

One day. You want to confess [your sins], but you do not want to improve. This is the same with wanting and not wanting; a sign that the ropes that bind you were released somewhat, but have not been [completely] cut. Now that you hear the teaching, your heart becomes a little softer [and] tears come out of your eyes, but as soon as you exit from the church your heart returns to evil.

Of, PJeasure And will follows habit. Then, when will you change? Just listen to what the Holy Spirit has 1[0 say through the mouth. Ol1KOUc; Kmal.. Like the woman Semiramis who took over her husband’s kingdom just for one day, like the habit takes over the will, the ephemeral becomes permanent; one day becomes a whole life; one leads to the other; one wheel does not roll, one wing does not fly; what I want to say is that your will is weak and [alone it] can not lead you toward repentance But the other wheel, then, the other wing, the Grace of God, what does that do?

That is an exceptional Grace and it is not always granted to everyone. Do not take for granted this Divine Grace, that God gives a few times and to a few people. Because you were born in the arms of the true Church, and brought up from pious parents with the milk of the holiest Faith To protect you from the strangers who deceive you with wordly pleasures.

H’ English Tmnslal. If English U1Uls! God abandon “‘i Hi’ “u’:OCil. Bue when? Let me talk, and talk without looking at anyone’s face, without fear or hesitation; uneducated young men, horses without a bridle, blind people without guidance, sheep wondering lost; elderly people who grew old in sin rather than in age; impious priests who surpass the laymen in scandal; undisciplined laymen who have no fear of God; vain women who only bear the name of the Faith but do not commit any f1lithful acts; God sent to you priests who read to you everyday the Gospel, teachers who educate you from the pulpit, spiritual fathers who explain things to you during confession.

They all call you to repentance, criticize your sins, scare you with judgment and hell; but you ignore their words, make fun of their advice like You were hardened in sin and you adapted in evil; and, thus, I tell you on His behalf, that if you live with sin, you will die with sin; “Kw EV i.

What kind of cOilfession [will you have] with a tongue numbed by the illness? And what kind of sorrow will you teel by a heart mended by so rnany pains? You think that you will have then the power to break the chain of a long habit’?

You think that then, in one moment, you will correct the mistakes of an entire life? But let us say that you will have your sanity to be able to repent, and you do acts of charity, paraclesis and prayer interventions to appease God; but does God accept such repentance, then? What makes you certain? Even after the many times that He has been ignored and still has finally yielded to Sedekios and many others’ Those who lived a bad life and died a Those who lived a bad life and died a bad death are innumerable.

And as the example of the few [who lived a bad life but died a good death] gives you hope, why does the example of the many not cause fear to you? Hence, if now that you are still able to repent, you do not want to repent, there may come a time when you will want to repent, but will not be able to do so. This is what I wanted to prove to you; I proved it, and now I will rest. When the wound is old, it does not need light medication, but rather it needs fire and iron; and in our case, we do not need complementing and sweet words, but rather [we need] bitter and scary [words]; this is very true.

We do not repent, because we think that we always have time to repent, but we are deceived; because, in order to repent as we should, we are lacking the Will, which can no longer rid the habit, and also the Grace of God, that can no longer bear the sins. Devil invented this skill ofleading people to death with the hope of repentance.

Hades is full of souls that hope to reach paradise; ah! This is the time, [and] this is the way; the time is now, that we climb toward Jerusalem, now that the holy days are here, now that the holy Sacrifice is near, fertile time, time to repent. Among the bonds of sin that bind the conscience, three are the most important. The bond of resentment, the bond of avarice and the bond of the flesh. Do you want me to show you how to unbind yourselves from them’:’ [If yes], then listen.

When Alexander the Great took his army to conquer Asia, he arrived at the Temple of Zeus, and there he saw a famous knot.

What a small thing to untie a knot! What a great profit to conquer a kingdom! The ambitious King Alexander the Great was immediately challenged by the desire; he looked at the Knot and saw neither end nor beginning. The ends were hidden, bound tightly, entangled one inside the other, and appeared impossible to untie. He turned it around again and again and he tried hard with his hands, but could not untie it.

The knots of sin are many more, Christian, and it is God’s true oracle that he who unties the knots of sin will inherit the kingdom of Heaven; what a small effort, but what a great profit! When you can not untie them with your thoughts, or, “punishment.

I will not be forgiven; that is how you cut the bonds Now, let us go to the bond avarice h ‘” Hov. Christian, while you think about these things. J love my children, but. Chrysostom That is how the Knot is untied. Let us come now to the third knot, which is the carnal desires: ‘ And what a tight knot’ Here there really is neither a beginning nor an end; to abandon either the harlot or that woman that you maintain. Was it her beauty or her skill that deceived you.

But, thank God. God has abandoned him, and I do not talk with him, because those would be wasted words. I converse with you, who keep your conscience awake, have fear of God, have shame of people. Muhammad the Second. He saw her, fell in love with her. Nobody liked the fact that the king. He learned about the criticism by his people, stopped, thought for a while.

Love fought with glory. On one han. I will never untie that knot. Church is disgusted v. I come io leU! I or, “p. I David, what did you decide” Three great curses, hunger. Three years of hunger. I fall in the arms of men’ I do not know what to say.

I also decided , says. Yes, [they do]: but they both make [the] right decision, EW 1 xvva says that she would prefer to fall in the hands of men, rather than in or. When does she say that? Before she commits sin. So, then, it is a thousand times better for one to fall in the hands of men, before they commit sin, while they are still faultless and pure, that is to say to be slandered against, [and] to be lapidated [to death], rather than, after committing sin, to fall in the hands of God, that is to say to insult Him, to outrage Him.

Is it not a terrible thing for a human being, without committing sin, to fall into the hands of human beings, who, after all, have no power other than to kill the body, but not the soul?

C; VJiwv iT a. Jiapn:iv f:vwmov Kvpiov. After he committed sin. So, then, when one has committed a sin, it is better for them to fall in the hands of God, Who is of course compassionate, where with a “HW1fJTOV,,, He is pacified, [and] liSam 4 English translation: “Do not fear those who kill the body, because they can.

Have fear, like Sosanna, of the judgment of God and His punishment and be pleased, rather than committing sin, it is better to endanger your life; but, after you commit sin, have hope, like David did, to the great merclO J of God, and you will be forgiven. David was forgiven after committing adultery and murder; Manassis was forgiven after committing idolatry, the publican was forgiven after committing sin; the harlot was forgiven from her impurities; a thief was forgiven after committing many sins, and [even the same people that crucified Christ would have been [also] forgiven, if they only wished to repent.

The other [one], Judas, was not forgiven, hanged his miserable body from a branch, and submitted his soul to eternal Hell. But, why did Peter receive so much grace and Judas appears to be so unworthy? What did this miserable man have to do, but did not do? Should he have confessed his mistake?

He confessed and openly said that he erred, “HllapioV napa1Jmi s aillo. This is what you ought to do. This is the way it is done, and whoever says the opposite is excluded from the Church, and he is a modernist [Try to] think of two things, please.

Or, [should they not buy] a house to generate [some] profit? Instead of a piece of land for the burial of foreigners, that produces neither fruit nor profits, since it can neither be cultivated, nor rented. It is a mystery! It becomes [instead] a miserable place, and does ‘ os or, “errors Ka:muaov, se, Judas was punished both physically and spiritually; and how did the miserable die? He stood inside Kaifas’ yard, and kept himself warm; he denied [Christ] three times!

IWV,,,nl He gave him the highest Apostolic authority and honor. Such a confession may be external, and like that of Judas, totally vain and futile. As I have explained, confession is based on this: to do what Peter did. And come out not just with your body, but also with your mind and your soul; “E: dBwv i: w. That means English translation: “Feed my sheep, take care of my flock.

If you have an enmity with someone, forgive him from the bottom of your heart: if you have something that does not belong to you. Moreover, accuse yourself; abolish your tirst sins and decide never to commit them again. With such disposition and preparation go to the spiritual father to confess.

Both, Adam and were led fiom Paradise taking with them the ‘divine curse’ So, a Christian man or woman go to confession, [and are] questioned be the spiritual father Adam. It is a sharne a scandal to discuss what we hear today during confession. What is your pretense, Christian? But listen and beware In the old times, v.. Potamios, the inner voice would tell hint from one side, what do HI- Psalm j,a. And from the other side, the contrition would ask him: what are you still waiting for to do what you decided to do?

Remember that you are a bishop and you will give to people a great scandal. Remember that you are a bishop and that you and you ought to give people a great example. Potamios, think, and do not waist time.

Distress won, and shame fell aside; and Potamios stood-up fi’om his throne and said together with David, in the middle of the Synod and in front of everybody, he openly confessed his sin: “T11v And times, you saw this example.

No, brother; do not be ashamed to courageously confess your sins, without [any] excuses; say that no one other than -your own bad choice was the cause of. A sin that is confessed is not a sin anymore “G.. E: KiJpw; T’ll’ u. Good eye [on the other hand] means to be discerning, distinguishing persons; the rich should get canons such as charity, the poor [should get canons] with bows, the strong [should get canons] with fasting, the weak [should get canons] with prayer.

Thus, first, I repeat, you ought to exercise the canon that the father confessor gave to you; second, you ought to correct you life: otherwise, what you did was nCJt confession, but rather waist of words, says Basil the Great: ” hal’ Til:; EC:0llo.

Because, jf you do not forgive, you can not be forgiven; this is Christ’s decision; “f. Themistocles and Aristides, the Athenians, hated and disagreed with each other; the country honored them as ambassadors for a necessary issue, so they had to agree [amongst themselves].

Then Aristides said to Themistocles: do you want to leave our English translation: “a silenced sin is a feslering illness in the soul. The same is what two Christians, who disagree on everything and hate each other greatly, do, when the time comes for them to confess, they leave the enmity [behind]. But where? At the doorstep of the church; They receive communion together, forgiving each other, and again, when they exit from the church, they pick up their enmity exactly where they left, and they are enemies again, like before.

Do you think that this was confession? Another [example]; say that you have a friendship and love for some people; leave her forever, deny her forever; because you can not have the same love for the prostitute and for God. A philosopher went once on a boat- trip, but he encountered a terTible stonn and was in danger of drowning; strangely enough, he survived; he returned to his home; and because he could see the sea from one of the windows [of his house], he build a wall there, so that, by [not] seeing through it, he would not be tempted to travel again.

Oh, Christian! How many times have you been in danger of loosing your life and your soul to that bitter love, and you were saved? Avoid temptation, do not cross that road again, do not go through that door again, do not look through that window again, shut your eyes tight, so that the snake can never again cross into your heart. Otherwise, what you did was not confession, but rather, it was waste of words. The other; you have in your hands something that does not belong to you?

Did you do wrong against someone? No’ The knot of injustice can not be undone. A married man passed away; God wished to perform a miracle, and he brought him back to life: his wife still wants him as husband, but he does not want her [as wife], and they both come under the Church’s judgement. Leaders of the Church, Spiritual Fathers, you who govern the souls of people, what do you think?

What do you decide? Is that man obligated to take his first wife back, or is he free [to do as he wishesp The theologians believe that he is a free man; his duty was to have her [as his lawfully wedded wife]. He came back to life; but this is another life; this is as if he was born again from his mother’s womb; and when one is born, he is born free. Another man died who took something that belonged to a poor man. God decided to perform a miracle again and brought him back to life, also.

The poor man comes [to him] and asks for his [missing] thing; the other one refuses to give it back: they come to a crisis And I ask [you] again, is that unfair man obligated to return the stolen item, or not? The same theologians say that yes ‘ he is obligated to return the stolen item], because this is an obligation of the soul, that remains as long as the soul lives; the soul is immortal, thus the duty is eternal; it is his obligation to return the stolen items, both, during his lifetime and after his death and until the time of the Future Judgment.

Did he die? He is still obligated. Was he resurrected? He has [still the] obligation [to return the stolen items]. Even if he dies and returns to life a thousand times, this is always an indispensable obligation. He appointed as His trustee the father confessor.

But if the Ten Commandments are God’s Word and can not be discredited. First, before you go to the spiritual father, examine your consciousness; second, when you arc with the spiritual father, confess without shame or pretense; and third, when you leave from the spiritual father, correct yourself, practice your canon, forgive your enemy, leave yt,ur evil lusts, pay for your injustices, and [only] then you arc truly and completely forgiven, and [only] then does the speechless and deaf spirit go away.

Holy Sprit, please help us all with your divine grace. I reply to you [as follm’vs 1 A man of good manners asked Oioi.! Whether young or old, one should confess right av. As long as they are certain that they can live.

But what kind of certainty can one have for a life that is constantly exposed to danger? If 1 repent, God promised me forgiveness: but God did not promise me [that I will have] tomorrow to repent. God, moreover. When does one have to confess’ The soonest pmsible time! I expect one think to happen, but something else happens. Allow me to finish this homily with a myth.

There was a deer that was blind from one eye: one day. So, then, I should have the healthy eye toward the land. I fear that the wound will come from one side. With whaf ‘With contlssion. As soon as possible. He said 10 paraly1ic Son. Fellmv Christians. Think of how it seems to [your] benefactor and Father God. And you agree with these people. God looks at you and says, “Kat.. God in front of His own eves. Does it not. Having been sold by his brothers, and having been bought by some Israelite English translation: “Leaders of the nations gathered land spoke I against the Lord.

His Son. He said [to her] ] was a slave and yom husband, rny master. So, then, what do you decide? Let her be angry with me, falsdy accuse me, put me in jail, condemn me to death, and I can still bear all that. But how can 1 bear insulting my God? All help appreciated. Basically, CommTech PowerSearch helps people handle large amounts of text. After you have tried it, I would be very interested to hear what you think about it.

Feel free to forward this message to any appropriate lists. Manny Ratafia tmgmail yalevm. Does anyone know about ArborText Document Architect? A list of contents and access instructions follow. The journal file name of this issue is 3,1-June Previous issues may also be accessed in the same way. Worthington classics. We have found that when journal formats are very similar it is easier to maintain one DTD with a few slight differences in the output specifications than a separate DTD for each journal.

We are phasing it out. HTML is inadequate to produce printed journal pages. Harris fharri osa. Help would be appreciated and illucidating! It is the only DTD that comes close to having everything. It may be overkill for humanities. It is very complex. Great for magazine articles. A bit weak on math but very good all around. HTML 1. It is one of the simplest and most forgiving DTDs around. Hypermail is coming to the HyperJournal mail archive in the next few weeks, so let’s see what can be done then.

It features a long discussion about the future of scholarly journals, in particular the potential for a re-conceptualized system driven by and controlled by scholars.

Please excuse any cross-postings. This book captures an Internet discussion about scientific and scholarly journals and their future that took place on a number of electronic forums starting in June and peaking in the fall.

Subsequent electronic conversations between the principals and interested parties continue until now the last message captured in the book is dated March 21, Given the powerful opportunities that electronic networking technologies offer to scholars and scientists, the future of publishing will be debated for years to come.

This book is one attempt to capture a key conversation between the stakeholders in scholarly communications. Six principal discussants and about two dozen others advance radical and traditional views; they argue for overhaul of journal publication systems or advocate careful preservation of traditional values and roles. Will electronic technologies save us from the economic pressures of the current papyrocentric publishing system or will they be more expensive than we dreamed? In his “Overture to the Subversive Proposal,” Stevan Harnad Cognitive Scientist, University of Southampton writes, “For centuries, it was only out of reluctant necessity that authors of esoteric publications entered into the Faustian Bargain of allowing a price tag to be erected as a barrier between their work and its intended readership, for that was the only way they could make their work public at all during the age when paper publication was their only option.

The collection, maintenance and dissemination of these data will be more costly than printing, but the information will be much more valuable to the scientific community.

Of course, when we get to this point we won’t be publishing journals; the output will be called something else. Scholarly Journals at the Crossroads makes publishing history.

It is the first time that a book derived from a series of wide-ranging Internet discussions on a scholarly topic recreates insofar as possible an e-mail experience for a general academic and publishing audience. In their Conclusion, Ann Okerson ARL and James O’Donnell Professor of Classics, University of Pennsylvania , the editors of this 9-month long networked conversation write, “This is a book about hope and imagination in one corner of the emerging landscape of cyberspace.

It embraces passionate discussion of an idea for taking to the Internet to revolutionize one piece of the world of publishing. The Association of Research Libraries is a not-for-profit organization representing research libraries in the United States and Canada.

Its mission is to shape and influence forces affecting the future of research libraries in the process of scholarly communication. ARL programs and services promote equitable access to, and effective use of recorded knowledge in support of teaching, research, scholarship, and community service.

These programs include annual statistical publications, federal relations and information policy, and enhancing access to scholarly information resources through telecommunications, collection development, preservation, and bibliographic control.

The Office of Scientific and Academic Publishing works to identify and influence the forces affecting the production, dissemination, and use of scholarly and scientific information.

The book is produced in 7 x 10 format, paperbound, in pages. Its ISBN number is: The raw source files from which the Subversive Book is derived can be found on the Internet as follows: ftp to the site ftp. Proposal To contact the editors: Ann Okerson ann cni. But of course a lot of restructuring goes with going electronic only, and in the process many paper line-items like subscription and fulfillment, and, to be fair, all overheads from any parallel paleolithic paper operations vanish.

Instead of continuing to do these abstract calculations, why not just get the real data from the actual editorial offices of the small but growing fleet of brave new e-only journals? She also edits the annually updated Directory of Electronic Journals. The email addresses of all the editorial offices are contained therein. Another suggestion: Why not archive the hyperjournal-forum discussion as a Hypermail Archive on the Hypermail Home Page? All the list owner needs to do is to save all the postings in a unix mail file, with headers.

The Hypermail sofware does all the rest. My understanding is that it is a group of libraries that formed a consortia for the purpose of purchasing electronic journals at a discounted rate. They may be based at Johns Hokins, but the information I have is sketchy, and my queries via veronica and other internet resources garnered nothing. I have also check the American Library Directory and Library Literature, but I have been unable to locate any information. If you have any information about this project, I would greatly appreciate your contacting me privately via email.

Thank you in advance for any information you can provide. OK, I’ll bite. I would so much like to hear some real numbers that I now am asking about the operating budget of Psycoloquy. Perhaps then we all can compare that itemization to our own working budgets – those of us in the print world.

Or is there a large subsidy behind that number? Trust me, if this can be proven through actual working examples, I – and most likely several others – will be converted to this model. It is really the time to pass these ‘abstract calculations’ and hear from those who are producing e-journals about the ‘real’ costs involved. JHU’s system boasts several interesting features: hypertext bibliographies, a search engine, a convenient and straightforward approach to subscriptions and licensing, and more.

You can find out more at JHU’s Web site; look under the icon for the university’s libraries. Glad you asked. No secret hidden subsidies so far! But Psycoloquy is atypical for one specific reason, so not the right journal on which to base extrapolations: It is a journal of Open Peer Commentary. Most journals are not. If an article is accepted, there is a call for multiple commentary. One day it may be possible to compare, but not yet.

The comparison now would be flattering to Psycoloquy, but meaningless because of the scale differences. I think the best comparisons will be with conventional journals with comparable subject matter, submission rates, acceptance rates, annual article quotas, and readership.

To be most informative, they should also be equal in number of years of publication, so new journals are compared with new journals, where start-up costs can be compared, and low initial volume can be equated.

So far, I think some of the new maths and computer science elecectronic journals are in the best position to provide data for comparing with their paper homologues, but there may be others. Comparing Psycoloquy to BBS at this point would really be misleading. I might add that Psycoloquy’s budget is about to grow a bit, in order to set up a system to hypertextify it.

That will be in the category of temporary seeding costs, however, rather than long-term costs. The breakdown of Psycoloquy’s 15K subsidy from the American Psychological Association is easy: It all goes into paying Editorial Assistants and Copy Editors to 1 handle the refereeing correspondence, 2 copy edit and format accepted articles, and 3 maintain the listserv version.

In addition patients may suffer from cranial nerve palsies, cognitive deficits, a pulsatile tinnitus and olfactory deficits adding to the significant loss in quality of life. Given the severity and potential irreversibility of these symptoms, a quick and accurate diagnosis as well as an early initiation of treatment is mandatory. Treatment usually consists of a combination of weight reduction and a pharmacological treatment with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as acetazolamide and topiramate.

Invasive treatments should only be considered in exceptional therapy-resistant cases as long-term data regarding the safety and long-term benefit of these procedures is scarce. In contrast to a chronic elevation in intracranial pressure which may be primary idiopathic intracranial hypertension or secondary, spontaneous intracranial hypotension is in almost all cases secondary to a meningeal rupture with a resulting leak of cerebrospinal fluid.

The leaks are commonly localized in the cervicothoracic junction or along the thoracic spine. The clinical picture is dominated by an orthostatic headache which develops in temporal relation to a decrease in intracranial pressure.

However, the time course of the orthostatic aggravation may vary substantially and with increasing disease duration may even disappear completely. The pain is thought to result from a slight downward displacement of the brain creating a painful traction of the dura mater. In many cases treatment is not necessary as the leak commonly heals within a few days or weeks causing a complete remission of the symptoms.

If the leak persists and treatment becomes necessary an epidural blood patch should be the first step. If a spontaneous remission does not occur and repeated blood or fibrin sealant patches do not lead to a complete remission a surgical intervention may be considered.

There is a huge unmet need for new specific acute and preventive drugs in migraine. Development of therapies to treat migraine has previously been hampered by a lack of biomarkers and predictive animal models.

This situation has dramatically changed over the last couple of decades, not least as a consequence of the increasing use of a human migraine provocation model that demonstrates the importance of naturally occurring signaling molecules in migraine. New highly specific mechanisms have been discovered and because of this progress, new drug targets are in different stages of clinical development.

Headache is one of the most common reasons for consultation in the pediatric emergency department ED. Triage systems have been developed and adapted to the pediatric population to differentiate urgent from nonurgent patients, allowing appropriate and efficient management.

In children with certain brain disorders, headache can be associated with focal neurologic signs or symptoms; these children represent a true diagnostic challenge to physicians, owing to the possibility of severe underlying disease.

The differential diagnosis in children with headache and focal neurologic signs includes primary etiologies, such as migraine with aura, and secondary etiologies, such as trauma, infection, and vascular, neoplastic, and epileptic disorders. Achieving a diagnosis in children can be challenging at times; important reasons for this include poor description of pain by children and several childhood periodic syndromes that can be common precursors of migraine.

Migraine is a multiphasic disorder and understanding of its pathophysiology starts with the acknowledgment that migraine is not simply a disease of intermittently occurring pain, but that it involves processes that affect the brain over time. If one wants to interpret the most recent findings in migraine pathophysiology it is important to again discuss the clinical presentation of all phases of a migraine attack.

There are three clinical features of migraine which point towards the limbic system and hypothalamus as attack generating brain structures. The first one is that almost all symptoms of the premonitory phase including yawning, tiredness and mood changes already point towards hypothalamic involvement.

Secondly, the circadian rhythmicity of attacks and thirdly the association of attacks with hormonal status and the menstrual cycle. The hypothalamus has various neuroanatomical connections to pain modulating systems and also to the spinal trigeminal nuclei. The orexinergic system, which is known to regulate arousal and nociceptive processing as well as thermoregulation and autonomic functions, has only recently become a site of interest in migraine research.

Another neurotransmitter system involving the hypothalamus is the central dopaminergic system. Recent neuroimaging studies in migraine patients undermine hypothalamic involvement in the premonitory and acute pain phase of migraine. Most recently one migraine patient went into the scanner daily over a whole month which included 3 spontaneous untreated headache attacks.

Increased hypothalamic activation was seen in the prodromal phase within the last 24 h before migraine headache onset as compared to the interictal state. More importantly, the pain-related hypothalamic functional connectivity between the hypothalamus and the spinal trigeminal nuclei was significantly increased during the preictal phase as compared to the interictal phase. These data strongly suggest that the hypothalamus plays a crucial role in generating premonitory symptoms but also the migraine attack itself.

Moreover, using a recently developed protocol for high resolution brainstem imaging of standardized trigeminal nociceptive stimulation, the anterior right hypothalamus HT was significantly stronger activated in CM as compared to healthy controls. These data corroborate a crucial role of the HT for migraine chronification but also as for the sustainment of acute migraine pain. NeuroImage ; — The hypothalamus as a mediator of chronic migraine: Evidence from high resolution fMRI.

Neurology — May A. Understanding migraine as a cycling brain syndrome: reviewing the evidence from functional imaging. Neurol Sci ; — Cluster headache, hypothalamus, and orexin.

Curr Pain Headache Rep ; — Immunohistological studies show widespread distribution of CGRP within the CNS, but the role and function of this neuropeptides in the brain and spinal cord are largely unknown.

There is also increasing interest whether CGRP antagonists penetrate the blood brain barrier and abort migraine headaches in part via central mechanisms. As migraine is a CNS disorder a central abortive or preventative mechanisms is suspected for several years.

Finally, we will illustrate the contribution of CGRP in an animal model of photophobia. The classification of headache disorders has improved over the years, but further work is needed to develop and improve headache diagnosis within headache subtypes. Calcitonin gene-related peptide CGRP is considered to be one of the main molecules in the pathophysiology of migraine. Currently, several drugs that target either the CGRP peptide or its receptor are in clinical studies for the prophylactic as well as the acute treatment of migraine.

While CGRP is expressed abundantly in the central nervous system, it also plays an important role in the peripheral nervous system. Most antimigraine drugs that are currently in clinical development and target CGRP or its receptor for example, the monoclonal antibodies are not able to cross the blood brain barrier and thus do not reach the central nervous system, highlighting the importance of CGRP and its receptors at sites not protected by the blood brain barrier.

These sites include the trigeminal ganglion, but also perivascular sensory afferents that may be involved in the pathophysiology of migraine as well as in the development of potential side effects. During the lecture, models and mechanisms important for the understanding of the role of CGRP in the peripheral nervous system will be discussed.

Migraine is the most common cause of neurological disability worldwide [1]; it is a disorder of the brain with pan-sensory dysfunction [2]. Migraine has, in essence, three phases, prior to the canonical attack- the premonitory or prodromal phase, the attack itself, headache with or without aura, and the period after canonical attack, the postdrome. The premonitory phase can occur from hours to days before the canonical attack.

The symptoms can be seen in children, as they are in adults [4]. Moreover, there is evidence from functional imaging of activation in the region of the hypothalamus during the premonitory phase [5]. The postdrome phase occurs after the headache phase of the canonical attack is settling; it is typically settled in about half of patients in six hours.

Remarkably there is widespread reduction in brain blood flow in the postdrome [7], which reflects the phenotype well. Understanding the non-pain phases of migraine will lead to be a better formulation of the pathophysiology of migraine and eventually to better treatment.

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries, a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study Pathophysiology of Migraine- A disorder of sensory processing. Physiological Reviews. Premonitory symptoms in migraine: an electronic diary study. Premonitory symptoms of migraine in childhood and adolescence. Current Pain and Headache Reports. Brain activations in the premonitory phase of nitroglycerin triggered migraine attacks.

The migraine postdrome. An electronic diary study. Neurology Minneap. The project took the form of surveys by structured questionnaire, conducted from November to August Unadjusted lifetime prevalence of any headache was Gender-adjusted 1-year prevalences were Personal impact was high, and included ictal symptom burden, interictal burden, cumulative burden and impact on others partners and children.

We confirmed that depression and especially anxiety are comorbid more than by chance with migraine. The level of this impact and its pervasiveness taken together with estimates of huge financial cost, have important implications for health policy in Europe.

Eurolight should proceed with focusing on cluster headache and headache in the elderly. Background : Despite the very high prevalence of headaches, multidisciplinary headache clinics are still few and better documentation of their content and efficacy is needed.

Objective : To describe the structure of a multidisciplinary approach and to characterize the patients and treatment results from existing centres. Further to describe the proposed organization of headache care in Europe. At this level headache specialists and a multidisciplinary team should conduct more complex treatment, initiate research and education. The composition of the multidisciplinary team may vary, however and here there is no international consensus.

Most centres include nurses, psychologists and in some countries also sports-therapists or physiotherapists. A systematic review of patients from the tertiary Danish Headache Centre revealed that patients had a mean age of In recent years more evidence from other centres has been provided and the positive outcome was confirmed, also in so called refractory patients.

Conclusion : Treatments strategies to the complicated headache patients need individualization but the present evidence provide hope for the patients and a strong support for a multidisciplinary approach in a tertiary headache centre. The existing treatment strategies will be presented. Further discussion and evaluation of the elements and the outcome predictors are important for future planning.

Migraine is a common debilitating brain disorder characterized by severe headache attacks with various associated neurological symptoms. About one-third of migraine patients experience an aura preceding the headache phase: hence migraine with and without aura. Many migraine patients also suffer from comorbid neurological disorders, such as epilepsy, depression and stroke. Migraine is a genetic disease with both environmental and genetic factors determining the susceptibility to attacks.

Recent technological advances in genetic analysis, which allowed simultaneous testing of hundreds of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms SNPs in tens of thousands of migraine patients in genome-wide association studies GWAS , made it feasible to identify robust gene variants for the common forms of migraine.

Whereas GWAS performed in various migraine subtypes yielded different top hits for the different subtypes, additional analyses seem to point to a shared genetic underpinning in migraine.

Identified gene variants point towards various molecular pathways, e. GWAS data sets, to some extent, can also been used to identify the type of brain cell involved in pathology. GWAS also enable the identification of shared genetic factors for diseases comorbid with migraine. Unlike gene mutations in monogenic migraine subtypes, the effect size of gene variants in common migraine is small, thus complicating direct translation to diagnostic tests, pathogenetic mechanisms, and treatment targets.

In fact, strategies to properly address the biological role of these variants are still being developed. The coming years will show the true impact of these combined genetic approaches on the identification of genes, pathological mechanisms, and diagnosis of patients in migraine.

Research has devised various techniques for investigating nociceptive and non-nociceptive somatosensory pathways in patients with neuropathic pain. The most widely agreed tools in use today include neurophysiological techniques and skin biopsy.

Laser Evoked Potentials LEPs are the easiest and most reliable neurophysiological technique for assessing nociceptive pathway function. In diseases associated with nociceptive-pathway damage, LEPs can be absent, reduced in amplitude or delayed in latency. Skin biopsy is a reliable and minimally invasive tool for investigation of nociceptive fibres in human epidermis and dermis. Researchers have used this technique for assessing epidermal nerve fibres qualitatively and quantitatively.

Skin biopsy can be done at any site of the body, with a disposable punch, using a sterile technique, and under local anaesthesia. Many investigators have used skin biopsy to investigate epidermal nerve fibres in various peripheral nerve diseases, such as diabetic neuropathy, infectious and inflammatory neuropathies and neuropathies associated with systemic diseases. In all studies, epidermal nerve fibre density was significantly lower in patients with neuropathy than in controls. Patients suffering from chronic headaches challange health care systems.

A proportion of chronic headache patients does not properly respond to prophylactic treatments or shows low tolerability profile and remains in need for alternative therapeutic strategies and options.

The improved understanding of head pain pathophysiology has focused attention on the role of neural structures both at peripheral and central nervous system level. Thus in the attempt to improve chronic intractable neurovascular headache migraine and cluster headache patients a number of neuromodulation procedures targeting peripheral and central nervous system structures have been tried. So far, efficacy and safety of various non-invasive and invasive stimulation procedures and devices have been investigated.

Vagus nerve stimulation, supraorbital stimulation and single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation are considered non invasive neurostimulation options. While invasive procedures are occipital nerve stimulation, sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation and hypothalamic deep brain stimulation.

Years after their introduction there is still debate about their use and place in clinical practice. Results from open label series and few controlled trials suggest the need of further investigations. Criteria employed to define intractable headaches were given more than ten years ago 1. An ad hoc European Headache Federation expert board has reviewed these aspects 2.

A still unsolved issue is the lack of adequate placebo to properly design randomized controlled trials in neurostimulation studies. In patients with chronic pain conditions interpretation of placebo effect is a challange particularly for headache specialists. In chronic migraine and chronic cluster headache patients occurrence of psychiatric comorbidities is frequently encountered.

Also, occurrence of medication overuse headache — seen as an addiction behavior – is frequently observed both in chronic migraine and chronic cluster headache. These factors are often a barrier when selecting patients for neurostimulation procedures.

Long term experience with deep brain stimulation of the posterior hypothalamic area in chronic cluster headache has suggested that the generator of the attacks is not there 3. Similarly other neurostimulation procedures tried in migraine and cluster headache have shown poor, unsatisfactory ability to stop ongoing attacks.

Towards a definition of intractable headache for use in clinical practice and trials. Cephalalgia ; — Neuromodulation of chronic headaches: position statement from the European Headache Federation. J Headache Pain. Success, failure and putative mechanisms in hypothalamic stimulation for drug resistant chronic cluster headache. Pain ; 1 : An underlying concept in the new ICHD-3 classification of trigeminal neuralgia is the postulation that clinical presentations matter because they reflect distinct pathophysiological mechanisms.

Previous attempts to establish the connection between the two have yielded uncertain results as the authors have paid limited attention to individual clinical symptoms and signs. Yet, the relatively strict criteria for trigeminal neuralgia and its subgroups yield homogenous populations that allow advantage to be taken of the advances in neurophysiological and imaging methods.

It is now possible to conduct subgroup-specific pathophysiological studies aimed at biomarkers that pave the way for precision diagnosis of TN and individualised therapy.

An example of how this might be done comes from recent studies based on sensory profiling of peripheral neuropathic pain. In a large group of patients with three different diagnoses, cluster analysis of detailed sensory testing revealed three main sensory phenotypes [1], with the potential to allocate individual patients to these sensory groups [2].

In my presentation I will suggest a pathway as to how to accomplish this. I will start by arguing that the existing data are sufficient to recommend preferred treatment in selected cases.

I will then highlight a number of clinically relevant research questions that can be answered by large-population multi-centre studies applying established methods ranging from QST and evoked potentials to structural and functional neuroimaging of the trigeminal system and linking them with clinical signs and symptoms.

Alongside this, I will discuss the challenges of phenotype profiling that could guide pharmacotherapy with, e. Peripheral neuropathic pain: a mechanism-related organizing principle based on sensory profiles. Pain ; Stratifying patients with peripheral neuropathic pain based on sensory profiles: algorithm and sample size recommendations. Mild head injury is associated with good recovery in most patients, but with a small risk of poor outcomes. Headache is the most common complication that occurs as an isolated symptom or can be a part of the post-concussion syndrome which can also include dizziness, fatigue, reduced ability to concentrate, psychomotor slowing, mild memory problems, insomnia, anxiety, personality changes and irritability Following head injuries, children may develop headache for the first time or have their previously experienced headache getting worse in severity or frequency.

Post head injury headache is referred to as acute posttraumatic headache if it evolves within one week of the injury and resolves within 3 months and it is called chronic posttraumatic headache CPTH if it persisted for over 3 months.

The pathophysiology of posttraumatic headache is not well understood, but likely to involve several mechanisms and factors. It is suggested that even minor head injury may cause a widespread stretching or shearing injuries to the axonal network. Psychosocial factors may also play a role in the pathogenesis of CPTH. The clinical features of CPTH are similar to primary headache disorders phenotypes with the majority of children presenting with migraine-like headache and probable tension-type headache.

Some children may have mixed or unclassified headache disorders. In the majority of children no investigations are necessary. However, neuroimaging and other investigations may be necessary in children with red flags or abnormal findings on neurological examination. The management of children with CPTH should include reassurances, adequate pain relief and preventative treatment as appropriate.

Multidisciplinary approach is necessary and should include support from clinical psychology and education to help the child achieve normal school attendance and education. The interaction between enzyme inductive antiepileptics EiAED like carbamazepine, phenytoin, primidone, phenobarbitone, rufinamide, lamotrigine, topiramate and COCs is well-known. Therefore, while taking this medication, the risk of contraceptive failure is quite high. The mechanism of action of enzyme-inductors is to modify the metabolism of the sexual steroids in the liver.

Moreover, ethinylestradiol EE might modify the metabolism of certain antiepileptic drugs glucuronization of lamotrigine. Therefore, the gynaecologist has to be careful when prescribing the pill or administering other types of hormonal contraceptives for WWE.

Knowing the interaction between antiepileptics and contraceptives is important to find the most effective medication with fewer side effects. Nowadays, women with epilepsy do not always get the right information; thus, it is necessary to improve the cooperation and consultation between the epileptologist and the gynaecologist.

The information is also needed even if the patient is sexually inactive. Migraine is a complex neuronal disorder where the cortex has a key importance and characteristic headache attack is associated with multiple sensorial disturbances. A cerebral cortical phenomenon known as cortical spreading depression CSD was linked to lateralized headache. CSD is an intrinsic brain phenomenon to a noxious stimulus such as high potassium or trauma, and manifests as an extreme excitability state of the gray matter with massive depolarization of neuronal and glial membranes and redistribution of ions.

Propagating depolarization in the brain parenchyma leads to a release of various vasoactive and nociceptive ions and molecules. Vascular compartment reacts with initial hyperemia followed by long-term oligemia.

It occurs in many species from rodents to primates, though it is hard to initiate and sustain its propagation in gyrencephalic brains. Spreading depression wave involves neuronal, glial and vascular cells, and leads remarkable effects on those compartments and overlying meningeal membranes with capability of triggering peripheral trigeminal fibers and second order trigeminal neurons in the brainstem nucleus, though its effect on subcortical structures are less known.

CSD is implicated in the development of inflammatory response and releasing CGRP and nitric oxide from trigeminal nerve endings. Animal studies investigating the mechanisms of migraine and CSD are usually conducted under anesthesia, despite the fact that pain is a conscious experience.

Anesthesia have profound effects on the mechanisms by which CSD is initiated and propagated, and clearly prevents observation of any associated behavioral response. Therefore CSD studies in awake animals are crucial for translational migraine research. Cerebral cortex and thalamus are inseparable in sensory processing and thalamic reticular nucleus TRN is the gatekeeper of sensory outflow to the cortex. Electrocorticographic recordings demonstrated the direct propagation of CSD waves in to thalamic reticular nucleus.

It was dependent on full conscious experience and highly vulnerable to anesthetics. MK did not exert any effect on CSD induced amygdala activation and anxiety behavior.

TRN is also involved in discrimination of sensory stimulus and transient disruption of sensorial perception during migraine headache attacks was reported Boran et al, Involvement of a strategic subcortical thalamic structure by a cortical event is important to explain several clinical features of migraine such as 1 Dysfunction of the GABAergic neurons in TRN would result in enhanced transmission of sensory information to the cortex and disruption of sensory discrimination 2 Photophobia and visual hallucinations of aura may reflect dysregulation of visual stimuli by the TRN, 3 TRN could play a role in either termination or initiation of an attack as sleep is closely related with migraine, attacks are often associated with the circadian cycle and are typically relieved by sleep, 4 Thalamo-cortical gating could be a novel target in migraine as valproate, triptans and CGRP antagonists MK suppressed CSD induced TRN activation.

Common misdiagnoses for TN include dental pathology, other regional neuralgias, short-lasting neuralgiform headaches with autonomic signs SUNHA , cluster headache and theoretically an atypical shorter cluster-tic syndrome CTS.

More rarely there may be more sinister underlying disorders tumors, multiple sclerosis that induce TN-like syndromes.

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During the month of Ramazan a busy fair is held there, open only during the afternoon, where the complicated sweetmeats of the season are sold together with other things worthy to be given as presents at Bairam. Some children may have mixed or unclassified headache disorders. We are wont to imagine that philanthropy was invented in the West, and that the institutional church is a pecuKarly modern development. That house is, at its best, so expressive a piece of architecture, it is so simple and so dignified inits hues, it contains so much wisdom for the modern decorator, that I am sorry for it to disappear and leave no как сообщается здесь of itself. And they felt so much sorrow because they lost Caesar’s friendship.

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Certain thoroughfares carry on almost no other form of business. A sketch of a coflFee-shop may often be seen in the street, in a scrap of sun or shade, accord- ing to the season, where a stool or two invite the passer- by to a moment of contemplation.

And no ban or public building is without its facilities for dispensing the indispensable. I know not whether the fact may contribute any- thing to the psychology of prohibition, but it is surprising to learn how recent an invention coffee-houses are, as time goes in this part of the world, and what opposition they first encountered. The first coffee-shop was opened in Stamboul by one Shemsi, a native of Aleppo. The beverage so quickly appreciated was as quickly lookedupon by the orthodox as insidious to the public morals — partly because it seemed to merit the prohibition of the Koran against intoxicants, partly because it brought the faithful together in places other than mosques.

Siile’iman the Magnificent, during whose reign the kahveji Shemsi made his little fortune, took no notice of the agitation against the new drink. But some of his successors pursued those who indulged with unheard- in it of severity. During the sixteenth and seventeenth cen- turies coflFee-drinkers were persecuted more rigorously in Constantinople than wine-bibbers have ever been in England or America. Their most unrelenting enemy was the bloody Mourad IV — himself a drunkard who for-— bade the use of coffee or tobacco under pain of death.

He and his nephew Mehmed IV after him used to patrol the city in disguise, d la Haroun al Rashid, in order to detect and punish for themselves any violation of the law. But the Greek taverns only became the more popular. And the latter sultan was the means of ex- tending the habit to Europe — which, for the rest, he no doubt considered its proper habitat.

To be sure, it was merely during his reign that the Enghsh made their first acquaintance of our after-dinner friend. It was brought back from Smyrna in by a Mr. Edwards, member of the Levant Company, whose house was so besieged by those curious to taste the strange concoction that he set up his Greek servant in the first coffee-house in London.

There, too, coffee was soon looked upon askance in high places. A personage no more strait-laced than Charles II caused a court to hand down the following decision: “The Retayhng of Coffee may be an innocente Trayde; but as used to nourysshe Sedition, spredde it is Lyes, and scandalyse Create Menne, it may also be a common Nuisaunce. And Vienna acquired the habit fourteen years later, when that capital was besieged by the same sultan.

After the rout of the Turks by John Sobiesky, a vast quantity of the fragrant brown drug was found among the besiegers’ stores. Its use was made known to the Viennese by a Pole who had been interpreter to a company of Austrian merchants in Constantinople. For his bravery in carrying messages through the Turkish lines he was given the right to establish the first coffee- house in Vienna.

Thehistory of tobacco in Turkey was very much the same. It first appeared from the West in , during the reign of Ahmed I. Under Mourad IV a famous pamphlet was written against it by an unconscious fore- runner of modernity, who also advocated a mediaeval Postum made of bean pods.

Snuff became known in as an attempt to elude the repressive laws of Sultan Ibrahim. But the habit of smoking, like the taste for coffee, gained such headway that no one could stop it.

Mahmoud I was the last sultan who attempted to do so, when he closed the coffee-houses for poHtical reasons in There is, it is true, a coffee habit, whose abuse is no less demorahsing than that of any other drug. But it is so rare, and Stamboul coffee-houses are so different from American or even most European cafes, that it is hard to imagine their causing so much commotion. Nothing stronger than coffee is dispensed in them — unless I ex- cept the nargileh, the water-pipe, whose effect is wonder- fully soothing and innocent at first, though wonderfully deadly in the end to the novice.

The tobacco used is not the ordinary weed but a much coarser and stronger one, called toumbeki. Smoking is the more germane to coffee- shops, because in the Turkish idiom yau drink tobacco.

And to desecrate it, or coffee either, with the ad- mixture of milk is an unheard-of sacrilege. But you may content yourself with so mild a refreshment as a bit of “Drinking” a nargileh rahat locoum, more familiar to you, perhaps, as Turkish Dehght, and a glass of water. The etiquette of the coffee-house, of those coffee- houses which have not been too much infected by Europe, isone of their most characteristic features.

I have also seen the entire company rise on the entrance of an old man, and yield him the corner of hon- our As for the essential function of the coffee-house, it Fez-presser in a coffee-house has own traditions. A glass of water comes with the its coffee,and a foreigner can usually be detected by the order in which he takes them. A Turk sips his water first. He lifts his coffee-cup, whether it possess a handle or no, by the managing the two in a dexterous saucer, way of his own.

And custom favours a rather noisy en- joyment of the cup that cheers, as expressing apprecia- tion and general well-being. The current price for a coffee, in the heart of Stamboul, is ten para — some- thing like a penny — for which the waiter will say: “May God give you blessing. I have often been surprised to be charged no more than the tariff, although I gave a larger piece to be changed, and it was perfectly evident that I was a foreigner. That is an experience which rarely befalls a traveller even in his own land.

It has further happened to me to be charged nothing at all, nay, to be steadfastly refused when I persisted in attempting to pay, simply because I was a traveller, and therefore a “guest.

Being a passion less violent and less shameful than others, I suppose, it is indulged in with more of the humanities. You do not bolt coffee as you bolt the fire-waters of the West, without ceremony, in retreats withdrawn from the pubhc eye.

Neither, hav- ing taken coffee, do you leave the coffee-house. On the contrary, there are reasons why you should stay — and not only to take another coffee. There are benches to curl up on, if you would do as the Romans do, having first neatly put off your shoes from off your feet. There are texts and patriotic pictures to look at, to say nothing of the wonderful brass arrangements wherein the kahveji concocts his mysteries.

There is, of course, the view. To enjoy it you sit on a low rush-bottomed stool in front of the coffee-shop, under a grape-vine, perhaps, or a scented wistaria, or a bough of a neighbourly plane-tree; and if you hke you may have an aromatic pot of basil beside you to keep away the flies.

Then there are more active distractions. For coffee-houses are also barber shops, where men cause to be shaved not only their chins but different parts of their crowns, according to their countries; and a festoon of teeth on a string or a sugges- tive jar of leeches reminds you how cathoHc was once the art of the barber in other parts of the world. They say, indeed, that bridge came from Constantinople. There is a club in Pera which claims the honour of having communicated that passion to the Playing tavli Western world.

But I must confess that I have yet to see an open hand of the long narrow cards you find in a coffee-house. The great resource of coffee-houses, however, is the company you meet there. The company is better at certain hours than at others. Early in the day the majority of the habitues may be at work, while late in the evening they will have disappeared altogether.

For Stamboul has not quite forgotten the habits of the tent. At night it is a deserted city. They are the clubs of the poorer classes. Men of a street, a trade, or a province meet regularly at coffee-houses kept often by one of their own people. So much are the humbler coffee-houses frequented by a fixed clientele that the most vagrant im- pressionist can realise how truly the old Turkish writers called them Schools of Knowledge.

Schools of knowledge they must be, indeed, for those capable of taking part in their councils. Even for one who is not, they are full of information about the people who live in Stamboul, the variety of clothes they wear, the number of dialects they speak, the infinity of places they come from. I am at the end of my chapter and I cannot stop to descant on these things — much less on the historic guilds which still subsist in the coffee-house world. The guilds are nearly at the end of their chapter, too.

Constitutions and changes more radical are turning them into some- thing more like modern trade-unioris. Their tradition is still vivid enough, though, for it to be written, as in the laws of Medes and no man but Persians, that one of Iran shall drive a house-builder’s donkey; that only a Mohammedan Albanian of the south shall lay a pavement or a southern Albanian who is a Chris- tian and wears an orange girdle shall lay railroad ties; that none save a landlubber from the hinterland of the Black Sea may row a caique or, they of Konia peddle yo’ourt, or It is no use for me to go on.

I would fill pages and I probably would not make it any clearer how clannish these men are. Other things about them are just as interesting — to the race of men that likes Stamboul. In an old cathedral close, perhaps, he might feel to a degree at home. The architecture of the building would set it apart from those about it, the canons’ houses and other subsidiary structures would not seem unnatural to him, and, though the arrangement of the interior would be foreign, he would probably understand in what manner of place he was — and his religion would permit him to worship there in his own way.

But a modern city church, and particularly an American city church, would offer almost nothing familiar to him. It would, very Hkely, be less monumental in appearance than neighbouring buildings. There would be little or no open space about it.

And strangest of all would be the entire absence of life about the place for six days out of seven. The most active institutional church can never give the sense a mosque does of being a hving organism, an acknowledged focus of life.

The larger mosques are open every day and all day, from sunrise to sunset, while even the smallest is accessible for the five daily hours of prayer. And, what is more, people go to them. Nor do they go to them as New Yorkers sometimes step into a down-town church at noontime, feeling either exceptionally pious or a little uneasy lest some one catch them in the act. By which I do not mean to imply that there are neither dissenters nor sceptics in Islam.

However, I did not set out to compare religions. All I wish is to point out the importance of mosques and their precincts in the picture of Constantinople. Even many a smaller mosque enjoys an amplitude of perspective that might be envied by cathedrals like Chartres, or Cologne, or Milan. These roomy enclosures are surrounded by the windowed walls which I have already celebrated. Within them cypresses are wont to cluster, and plane-trees will- ingly cast their giant shadow.

Gravestones also con- gregate there. And there a centre of hfe is which can never lack interest for the race of men that likes Stam- boul. Scribes sit under the trees ready to write let- women, and others of the less literate ters for soldiers, sort. Barbers, distinguishable by a brass plate with a nick in it for your chin, are ready to exercise another art upon your person. Pedlers come and go, selling beads, perfumes, fezzes, and sweets which they carry on their heads in big wooden trays, and drinks which may tempt you less than their brass receptacles.

A more stable commerce is visible in some mosque yards, or on the day of the week when a peripatetic market elects to pitch its tents there; and coffee-houses, of course, abound. Not that there are coffee-houses in every mosque yard. And mosque yard it is, grove- a perfect like with trees and looked upon by a great portico of the time of the Conqueror. There is something both grave and human about mosque yards and coffee-houses both that excellently suits them to each other.

The company has an ecclesiastical tinge. Turbans bob much together and the neighbour- ing fountains of ablution play a part in the scene. I bear witness that Mohammed is the Prophet of God! Hasten to the worship of God! Hasten to permanent blessedness! God is most great! There may be more reverence, per- haps, but people evidently feel very much at home.

Men meet there out of prayer time, and women too, for what looks like, though it may not always be, a sacra con- versazione of the painters.

Students con over their Koran, rocking to and fro on a cushion in front of a little inlaid table. Solitary devotees prostrate themselves in a cor- ner, untroubled by children playing among the pillars or a turbaned professor lecturing, cross-legged, to a cross- legged class in theology.

The galleries of some mosques are safety-deposit vaults for their parishioners, and when the parish burns down the parishioners deposit them- selves there too. After the greater conflagration of the Balkan War thousands of homeless refugees from Thrace and Macedonia camped out for months in the mosques of Stamboul.

Even the pigeons that haunt so many mosque yards know that the doors are always open, and are scarcely to be persuaded from taking up their per- manent abode on tiled cornices or among the marble stalactites of capitals.

One thing that makes a mosque look more hospitable than a church is its arrangement. There are no seats or aisles to cut up the floor. The general impression is that of a private interior magnified and dignified. The central object of this open space is the mihrab, a niche pointing toward Mecca.

It is usually set in an apse which is raised a step above the level of the nave. In it is a prayer-rug for the imam, and on each side, in a brass or silver stand- ard, an immense candle, which is lighted only on the seven holy nights of the year and during Ramazan. At the right of the mihrab, as you face it, stands the mimber, a sort of pulpit, at the top of a stairway and covered by a pointed canopy, which is used only for the noon prayer of Friday or on other special occasions.

To the left, and nearer the door, is a smaller pulpit called the kiirsi. This is a big cushioned armchair or throne, reached by a short ladder, where the imam sits to speak on ordinary occasions. There will also be one or more galleries for singers, and in larger mosques, usually at the mihrab end of the left-hand gallery, an imperial trib- une enclosed by grille work and containing its own sacred niche.

The chandeliers are a noticeable feature of every mosque, hanging very low and containing not candles but glass cups of oil with a floating wick. I am afraid, however, that this soft light will be presently turned into electricity. From the chandeliers often hang ostrich eggs — emblems of eternity — and other homely orna- ments. The place of the mosque in the Turkish community is symbolised, like that of the mediaeval cathedral, by its architectural pre-eminence. Mark, however, that Stam- boul has half a dozen cathedrals instead of one.

It would be hard to overestimate how much of the character of Stamboul depends on the domes and minarets that so inimitably accident the heights between the Golden Horn and the Marmora. They form an achieve- ment, to my mind, much greater than the world at large seems to reahse.

The easy current dictum that they are Entrance to the forecourt of Sultan Baiezid II merely more or less successful imitations of St. Sophia takes no account of the evolution— particularly of the central dome — which may be traced through the mosques of Konia, Broussa, and Adrianople, and which reaches its legitimate climax in Stamboul.

Yet it would be a Detail of the Siileimanieh mistake to look for all Turkish architecture in Sinan. The mosques of Atik Ali Pasha and of Sultan Baiezid II are there to prove of what mingled simplicity and nobility was capable an obscure architect of an earlier century. His name is supposed to have been Haireddin, and he, first among the Turks, used the monoHthic shaft and the stalactite capital.

Nothing could be better in its way than the forecourt of that mosque, and its inlaid min- arets are unique of their kind. Nor did architecture die with Sinan. Yeni Jami, looking at Galata along the outer bridge, is witness thereof. The pile of the Siilei- manieh, whose four minarets catch your eye from so many points of the compass, is perhaps more masculine.

But the silhouette of Yeni Jami, that mosque of prin- cesses, has an inimitable grace. The way in which each structural necessity adds to the general effect, the cli- mactic building up of buttress and cupola, the curve of the dome, the proportion of the minarets, could hardly be more perfect.

Although brought up in the vociferous tradition of Ruskin, I am so far unfaithful to the creed of my youth as to find pleasure, too, in rococo mosques like Zeineb Sultan, Nouri Osmanieh, and Laleli Jami. And the present generation, under men like Vedad Bey and the architects of the EvkaJ, are reviving their art in a new and interesting direction.

To give any comprehensive account of the mosques of Stamboul would be to write a history of Ottoman archi- tecture, and for that I lack both space and competence. I may, however, as an irresponsible lounger in mosque yards, touch on one or two characteristic aspects of mosques and their decorationwhich strike a foreigner’s eye. The frescoing or stencilling of domes and other curved interior surfaces, for instance, is an art that has very little been noticed —even by the Turks, judging from the sad estate to which the art has fallen.

Some people might object to calling it an art at all. Let such a one be given a series of domes and vaults to ornament by this simple means, however, and he will find how difficult it is to produce an effect both decorative and dignified.

If I were a true behever I could never pray in mosques like Ahmed I or Yeni Jami, because the decorator evidently noticed that the prevailing tone of the tiles was blue and dipped his brush accordingly — into a blue of a different key.

Yet there are domes which prove how fine an art the Turks once made of this half-mechanical decoration. One of the best in Stamboul is in the tomb of the princes, behind the Shah-zadeh mosque.

The stencilling is a charming ara- besque design in black, dark red, pale blue, and orange, perhaps happily toned by time, which a recent restora- tion was wise enough to spare.

The tomb of Roxelana and the great tomb beside Yeni Jami also contain a Httle interesting stencilling. But the most complete example of good work of this kind is outside Stamboul, in the Yeni VaHdeh mosque of Scutari. The means used are of the simplest, the colours being merely black and dull red, with a little dull yellow; but the lines are so fine and so sapiently spaced on their broad background of white that the eff”ect is very much that of a Persian shawl.

A study of that ceiling should be made compulsory for every decorator of a mosque —and might yield sugges- tions not a few to his Western cousin. The windows of mosques are another detail that always interests me. They are rarely very large, but there are a great many of them and they give no dim religious light, making up a great part as they do of the human sunniness of the interior.

A first tier of square. These make against the hght a grille of round, oval, or drop-shaped openings which are wonderfully decorative in themselves. The same principle is refined and compHcated into a result more decorative still when the plaster setting forms a complete design of arabesques, flowers, or writing, some- times framing symmetrically spaced circles or quad- rangles, sometimes composing an all-over pattern, and filled in with minute panes of coloured glass.

Here, however, we have the real principle of the Oriental rug. Turkish windows contain no figures at all, nor any of that unhappy attempt at reahsm that mars so much modern glass. The secret of the effect Hes in the smallness of the panes used and the visibiHty of the plaster design in which they are set. And what an effect of jewelry may be produced in this way is to be seen in the Siileimanieh, and Yeni Jami — where two shm cypresses make dehcious panels of green Hght above the mihrab — besides other mosques and tombs of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Mosques are even more notable than private houses for the inscriptions on their walls. Every visitor to St. Sophia remembers the great green medallions bear- ing the names of the chief personages of Islam in letters of gold. In purely Turkish mosques similar medallions may be seen, or large inscriptions stencilled like panels on the white walls, or small texts hanging near the floor. But there is a more architectural use of writing, above doors and windows or in the form of a frieze.

Such in- scriptions are always from the Koran, of course, and they are often happily chosen for the place they oc- cupy. Around the great dome of the Siileimanieh, and lighted by its circle of windows, runs this verse: “God is the light of the heavens and of the earth.

His light is like a window in the wall, wherein a lamp burns, cov- ered with glass. The glass shines like a star. The lamp is kindled from the oil of a blessed tree not of the east, : not of the west, it lights whom he wills. Stamboul, indeed, is a museum of tiles that has never been adequately explored. Nor, in general, is very much known about Turkish ceramics. I suppose nothing definite will be known till the Turks themselves, or some one who can read their language, takes the trouble to look up the records of mosques and other public buildings.

The splendid tiles of Suleiman’s period have sometimes been attributed a Persian and sometimes a Rhodian origin — for they have many simi- larities with the famous Rhodian plates. The Turks themselves generally suppose that their tiles came from Kiitahya, where a factory still produces work of an in- ferior kind. The truth lies between these various the- ories. That any number of the tiles of Constantinople came from Persia is impossible. So many of them could not have been safely brought so far overland, and it is inconceivable that they would have fitted into their places as they do, or that any number of buildings would have been erected to fit their tiles.

The Rhodian theory is equally improbable, partly for similar reasons though chiefly because the legend of Rhodes is all but exploded. Many of them probably came from different parts of Asia Minor.

That tiles were pro- duced in Asia Minor long before the capture of Con- stantinople we know from the monuments of Broussa, Konia, and other places. They were quite a different kind of tile, to be sure, of only one colour or con- taining a simple arabesque design, which was varied by a sort of tile mosaic. Many of them, too, were six- sided. The only examples of these older tiles in Con- stantinople are to be seen at the Chinili Kyoshk of the imperial museum — the Tile Pavilion — and the tomb of Mahmoud Pasha.

It is a notorious fact, however, that the sultans who fought against the Persians brought back craftsmen of all kinds from that country and set- tled them in different parts of the empire. Selim I, for instance, when he captured Tabriz, imported the best tile makers of that city, as well as from Ardebil and Kashan — whence one of the words for tiles, kyashi — and settled them in Isnik. This is the city which under an older name had already produced the historian Dion Cassius and the Nicene Creed.

Other factories are known to have existed in Kastambol, Konia, Nico- media, and Constantinople itself. One is supposed to have been in Eyoub, though no trace of it remains to- day unless in the potteries of Chomlekjiler. Another, I have been told, flourished at Balat. A colony of glass-blowers there are the last remnant to-day of the tile makers of two hundred years ago.

For the imperial mosques are monuments of victory, built and endowed out of the spoils of. After the martial period of the empire came to an end with Sii- leiman I only one mosque of importance, that of Ahmed I, was built by a reigning sultan in his own name.

But the tiles of the imperial factories, after many fires and much thieving, still make up what is most brilliant and most durable in the colour of Stamboul. The best tiles are Nicene of the sixteenth century, that extraordinary cinque-cento, when so many of the best things of the world were produced. They are distinguished by the transparent white glaze of their background, on which are drawn tulips, carnations,- wild hyacinths, and a cer- tain long bent serrated leaf common to the Rhodian plate.

The chief colours are a dark and a turquoise blue and a tomato red, green and yellow occurring more rarely. With one [toward] God, and with the other [toward] the world? Yes, says Saint Chrysostom, because God’s forbearance punishes twice as much the unrepentant.

Please try to think of it a little better God wanted to do a benevolent act toward the ungrateful people of Jerusalem; and there, in a fi:. The miracle occurred there in one place [only], only one time, one time each year. Here, fthat same miracle] happens in every city and country and Christian church, every day and every hour, as long as we want it to [happen] Here, it is not an Angel, a pure spirit, to see our passions. Let it be pride, let it be slander, let it be blasphemy. You still do not rush to repentance so that you can receive forgiveness and salvation’ Your sickness [is] so serious and your healing so easy, and you [still] do not want it?

Sheep Gale. Oil i ,w TOV a. You distance yourself [from God] today a lot, tomorrow [even] more. You distance yourself [from God] and wonder around like the lost sheep on the corrupted path to death. Away from the Church, away from the Holy Mysteries, away from yourself, and far away from God. And God. Do you not feel in your hea11 sometirnes the control of your conscience” It is God’s hand at that time that pulls the rope to lead you to repentance.

B ut you, d0 not come, aI ‘mVlted, though. You are nailed inside the arms OfyOUf prostitute. You are bound by the chains of your avarice You are rooted in evil. At the end the rope breaks: God gets burdened, angered, He lets you go and you fall, miserable human being, in complete 61] Rom ; English translation: “Or do.

Do you not realize that God’s kindness is meant to feadyou to repentance? Who was at fault? You [were]. Who feels sorry for you’ No one [does]. But I exorcise you in the name of the Living God, my Christian brother, do not let that rope be cut in half. When the goodness of God pulls you toward repentance, return to God. God keeps His arms open to accept you [b ac k] Wit. Methodios, a pious and wise monk, was sent by God and the Church to catechize in the Olthodox faith of Christ the Bulgarian king, who, passing from idolatry to the knowledge of God, was baptized and subjected himself and his province to the Roman kingdom and the throne of Constantinople.

In the one on the Second Coming he presented the Son of God sitting on a high and raised from the ground throne, with a lot of power and glory, dressed with the light of Divine Glory. There were thousands of Angels that stood by; innumerable multitudes of people being judged, awaiting the decision of the fearful Judge; the sign of the Cross that appeared in front of the table of sacrifice; the river of fire streaming out of the fiery throne; and all the other detailed events of the future judgment.

This is a catechetical homily on Repentance. And everyday, the wise teacher [Methodios], would place both urawings in front of[the eyes] of the student-king, to make him realize that this is the judgement and hell for a sinner; and with that he tried to strengthen him is the right faith and to lead him to the God-loving life. I praise the teaching style and skill of the righteous Methodios, and I wanted to imitate that teaching style.

From that l got the idea, in the two previous sermons, to create two icons for you, and on one I painted the future judgment, and on the other the etemal hell. The reason I did this was to lead you toward repentance, which is the only path for you to avoid both, the wrath of the future Judgment and the tortures of eternal Hell, for which I come to speak to you today. V aV7. But, alas l You still wait? You still do not repent? And you still insist on your opinion, your passion, your sin’ Coldhearted and irreparable sinners, listen to what I come to tell you today; I want to talk to you about Repentance, but I will prove to you that: he who can [repent today] but does not repent, maybe will not be able to repent when he will want to repent.

Is it God s Grace alone, or God’s Grace and man’s will together? The heresy of the Pclagians 62J is that the will of man alone, without the Grace of God, is enough to justify and save man. The heresy of the Lutheran Calvinists is that the Grace of God alone, without the will of man, does the same. The others teach that the Grace [of God] is not necessary to complement the human will.

They [on the other hand] teach that the [human] wiil is free like the Grace. But neither the will of man alone, nor the grace of God alone, but both the will and Grace can justify and save man. The true opinion of the Orthodox is that the Grace is always necessary and the will is always free. Christ says, ‘whoever wants to follow me, let him deny himself. And He says again, ‘without me, you can not do anything’: “Xwph;; c:P.

God, Who created man without [the will ot] man, can not save man without [the will ot1 man, meaning without man wanting it, says the prudent St. For us to be saved, it has to come, both, from us and from God. And St. Chrysostom says that Grace, and Grace 6:’. God’s grace invites, but man’s will has to accept the invitation. If one remains a sinner for a long time, without repenting, those two wheels, those two wings, Will and Grace. Will gets weak by long habit; Grace gets weak by procrastination.

Let us start trom the first one. Of course the will of man is more inclined toward the evil, rather than toward good; he climbs toward virtue with “‘-great difficulty; but he falls easilv to evil; and if he When the city of Pentapolis was burned from that tire that rained from heaven to burn that wicked sin, God wanted to save the Just Lot 6. Walk as fast as you can and make sure that you never look back. Do not look back, because it is dangerous by a look Mk, ‘1’, The whole earth is on fire, burning from sin; flames come from all directions and in the outside they burn the people, but they also entered Christ’s Church, everywhere, in any age and [social] class; and evil possesses laymen and priests, men and women, elderly, young and children.

Kat J7ff. That is what the grace of God says, but the human nature does not listen; and it does not walk straight on the path of the Divine Commandments; he remains lazy and turns toward evil; and as he turns around, he is trapped by evil and remains trapped: he turns around to look at that face, and he is trapped by the wishes of the flesh; he turns around to look at that profit, and he is trapped by avarice; he turns around to look at that vain glory, and he is trapped by pride: he turns around to look at the evil, he saw evil, [and] he became stiff toward evil; he became a column of salt, like Lot’s wife; stiff and immobile toward evil [And human] will became habit, which is second law in politics, [but] second nature in moral issues, and both nature and law to the will.

Nature, which at the end becomes necessity and influences with in. How many times do we do certain things out of habit, things that otherwise we would not do by nature? A law that at the end becomes tyrannical and violates the laws of the free will. How many times do we act, not because we want to, but [rather] because we are used to [acting that wayp o t he WIof! Although difficult, authority is a desirable thing; we give up our life with more ease, than we give up authority.

At the beginning Ninos refused her request, and told her that this would be improper and that whatever else she might want [she can have] with pleasure, but to give her all the authority, in the hands of 63 ‘or, “passions You should have never left in the hands of an arrogant woman the scepter of authority! One day. You want to confess [your sins], but you do not want to improve.

This is the same with wanting and not wanting; a sign that the ropes that bind you were released somewhat, but have not been [completely] cut. Now that you hear the teaching, your heart becomes a little softer [and] tears come out of your eyes, but as soon as you exit from the church your heart returns to evil. Of, PJeasure And will follows habit. Then, when will you change?

Just listen to what the Holy Spirit has 1[0 say through the mouth. Ol1KOUc; Kmal.. Like the woman Semiramis who took over her husband’s kingdom just for one day, like the habit takes over the will, the ephemeral becomes permanent; one day becomes a whole life; one leads to the other; one wheel does not roll, one wing does not fly; what I want to say is that your will is weak and [alone it] can not lead you toward repentance But the other wheel, then, the other wing, the Grace of God, what does that do?

That is an exceptional Grace and it is not always granted to everyone. Do not take for granted this Divine Grace, that God gives a few times and to a few people. Because you were born in the arms of the true Church, and brought up from pious parents with the milk of the holiest Faith To protect you from the strangers who deceive you with wordly pleasures.

H’ English Tmnslal. If English U1Uls! God abandon “‘i Hi’ “u’:OCil. Bue when? Let me talk, and talk without looking at anyone’s face, without fear or hesitation; uneducated young men, horses without a bridle, blind people without guidance, sheep wondering lost; elderly people who grew old in sin rather than in age; impious priests who surpass the laymen in scandal; undisciplined laymen who have no fear of God; vain women who only bear the name of the Faith but do not commit any f1lithful acts; God sent to you priests who read to you everyday the Gospel, teachers who educate you from the pulpit, spiritual fathers who explain things to you during confession.

They all call you to repentance, criticize your sins, scare you with judgment and hell; but you ignore their words, make fun of their advice like You were hardened in sin and you adapted in evil; and, thus, I tell you on His behalf, that if you live with sin, you will die with sin; “Kw EV i. What kind of cOilfession [will you have] with a tongue numbed by the illness? And what kind of sorrow will you teel by a heart mended by so rnany pains?

You think that you will have then the power to break the chain of a long habit’? You think that then, in one moment, you will correct the mistakes of an entire life? But let us say that you will have your sanity to be able to repent, and you do acts of charity, paraclesis and prayer interventions to appease God; but does God accept such repentance, then?

What makes you certain? Even after the many times that He has been ignored and still has finally yielded to Sedekios and many others’ Those who lived a bad life and died a Those who lived a bad life and died a bad death are innumerable. And as the example of the few [who lived a bad life but died a good death] gives you hope, why does the example of the many not cause fear to you? Hence, if now that you are still able to repent, you do not want to repent, there may come a time when you will want to repent, but will not be able to do so.

This is what I wanted to prove to you; I proved it, and now I will rest. When the wound is old, it does not need light medication, but rather it needs fire and iron; and in our case, we do not need complementing and sweet words, but rather [we need] bitter and scary [words]; this is very true. We do not repent, because we think that we always have time to repent, but we are deceived; because, in order to repent as we should, we are lacking the Will, which can no longer rid the habit, and also the Grace of God, that can no longer bear the sins.

Devil invented this skill ofleading people to death with the hope of repentance. Hades is full of souls that hope to reach paradise; ah! This is the time, [and] this is the way; the time is now, that we climb toward Jerusalem, now that the holy days are here, now that the holy Sacrifice is near, fertile time, time to repent.

Among the bonds of sin that bind the conscience, three are the most important. The bond of resentment, the bond of avarice and the bond of the flesh. Do you want me to show you how to unbind yourselves from them’:’ [If yes], then listen. When Alexander the Great took his army to conquer Asia, he arrived at the Temple of Zeus, and there he saw a famous knot.

What a small thing to untie a knot! What a great profit to conquer a kingdom! The ambitious King Alexander the Great was immediately challenged by the desire; he looked at the Knot and saw neither end nor beginning. The ends were hidden, bound tightly, entangled one inside the other, and appeared impossible to untie. He turned it around again and again and he tried hard with his hands, but could not untie it.

The knots of sin are many more, Christian, and it is God’s true oracle that he who unties the knots of sin will inherit the kingdom of Heaven; what a small effort, but what a great profit! When you can not untie them with your thoughts, or, “punishment. I will not be forgiven; that is how you cut the bonds Now, let us go to the bond avarice h ‘” Hov.

Christian, while you think about these things. J love my children, but. Chrysostom That is how the Knot is untied. Let us come now to the third knot, which is the carnal desires: ‘ And what a tight knot’ Here there really is neither a beginning nor an end; to abandon either the harlot or that woman that you maintain. Was it her beauty or her skill that deceived you.

But, thank God. God has abandoned him, and I do not talk with him, because those would be wasted words. I converse with you, who keep your conscience awake, have fear of God, have shame of people. Muhammad the Second. He saw her, fell in love with her. Nobody liked the fact that the king.

He learned about the criticism by his people, stopped, thought for a while. Love fought with glory. On one han. I will never untie that knot. Church is disgusted v. I come io leU! I or, “p. I David, what did you decide” Three great curses, hunger. Three years of hunger. I fall in the arms of men’ I do not know what to say. I also decided , says. Yes, [they do]: but they both make [the] right decision, EW 1 xvva says that she would prefer to fall in the hands of men, rather than in or.

When does she say that? Before she commits sin. So, then, it is a thousand times better for one to fall in the hands of men, before they commit sin, while they are still faultless and pure, that is to say to be slandered against, [and] to be lapidated [to death], rather than, after committing sin, to fall in the hands of God, that is to say to insult Him, to outrage Him.

Is it not a terrible thing for a human being, without committing sin, to fall into the hands of human beings, who, after all, have no power other than to kill the body, but not the soul? C; VJiwv iT a. Jiapn:iv f:vwmov Kvpiov. After he committed sin. So, then, when one has committed a sin, it is better for them to fall in the hands of God, Who is of course compassionate, where with a “HW1fJTOV,,, He is pacified, [and] liSam 4 English translation: “Do not fear those who kill the body, because they can.

Have fear, like Sosanna, of the judgment of God and His punishment and be pleased, rather than committing sin, it is better to endanger your life; but, after you commit sin, have hope, like David did, to the great merclO J of God, and you will be forgiven.

David was forgiven after committing adultery and murder; Manassis was forgiven after committing idolatry, the publican was forgiven after committing sin; the harlot was forgiven from her impurities; a thief was forgiven after committing many sins, and [even the same people that crucified Christ would have been [also] forgiven, if they only wished to repent. The other [one], Judas, was not forgiven, hanged his miserable body from a branch, and submitted his soul to eternal Hell.

But, why did Peter receive so much grace and Judas appears to be so unworthy? What did this miserable man have to do, but did not do? Should he have confessed his mistake? He confessed and openly said that he erred, “HllapioV napa1Jmi s aillo. This is what you ought to do. This is the way it is done, and whoever says the opposite is excluded from the Church, and he is a modernist [Try to] think of two things, please. Or, [should they not buy] a house to generate [some] profit?

Instead of a piece of land for the burial of foreigners, that produces neither fruit nor profits, since it can neither be cultivated, nor rented. It is a mystery! It becomes [instead] a miserable place, and does ‘ os or, “errors Ka:muaov, se, Judas was punished both physically and spiritually; and how did the miserable die?

He stood inside Kaifas’ yard, and kept himself warm; he denied [Christ] three times! IWV,,,nl He gave him the highest Apostolic authority and honor. Such a confession may be external, and like that of Judas, totally vain and futile. As I have explained, confession is based on this: to do what Peter did. And come out not just with your body, but also with your mind and your soul; “E: dBwv i: w. That means English translation: “Feed my sheep, take care of my flock. If you have an enmity with someone, forgive him from the bottom of your heart: if you have something that does not belong to you.

Moreover, accuse yourself; abolish your tirst sins and decide never to commit them again. With such disposition and preparation go to the spiritual father to confess. Both, Adam and were led fiom Paradise taking with them the ‘divine curse’ So, a Christian man or woman go to confession, [and are] questioned be the spiritual father Adam. It is a sharne a scandal to discuss what we hear today during confession.

What is your pretense, Christian? But listen and beware In the old times, v.. Potamios, the inner voice would tell hint from one side, what do HI- Psalm j,a. And from the other side, the contrition would ask him: what are you still waiting for to do what you decided to do? Remember that you are a bishop and you will give to people a great scandal.

Remember that you are a bishop and that you and you ought to give people a great example. Potamios, think, and do not waist time. Distress won, and shame fell aside; and Potamios stood-up fi’om his throne and said together with David, in the middle of the Synod and in front of everybody, he openly confessed his sin: “T11v And times, you saw this example.

No, brother; do not be ashamed to courageously confess your sins, without [any] excuses; say that no one other than -your own bad choice was the cause of. A sin that is confessed is not a sin anymore “G.. E: KiJpw; T’ll’ u. Good eye [on the other hand] means to be discerning, distinguishing persons; the rich should get canons such as charity, the poor [should get canons] with bows, the strong [should get canons] with fasting, the weak [should get canons] with prayer.

Thus, first, I repeat, you ought to exercise the canon that the father confessor gave to you; second, you ought to correct you life: otherwise, what you did was nCJt confession, but rather waist of words, says Basil the Great: ” hal’ Til:; EC:0llo. Because, jf you do not forgive, you can not be forgiven; this is Christ’s decision; “f.

Themistocles and Aristides, the Athenians, hated and disagreed with each other; the country honored them as ambassadors for a necessary issue, so they had to agree [amongst themselves].

Then Aristides said to Themistocles: do you want to leave our English translation: “a silenced sin is a feslering illness in the soul. The same is what two Christians, who disagree on everything and hate each other greatly, do, when the time comes for them to confess, they leave the enmity [behind]. But where? At the doorstep of the church; They receive communion together, forgiving each other, and again, when they exit from the church, they pick up their enmity exactly where they left, and they are enemies again, like before.

Do you think that this was confession? Another [example]; say that you have a friendship and love for some people; leave her forever, deny her forever; because you can not have the same love for the prostitute and for God. A philosopher went once on a boat- trip, but he encountered a terTible stonn and was in danger of drowning; strangely enough, he survived; he returned to his home; and because he could see the sea from one of the windows [of his house], he build a wall there, so that, by [not] seeing through it, he would not be tempted to travel again.

Oh, Christian! How many times have you been in danger of loosing your life and your soul to that bitter love, and you were saved? Avoid temptation, do not cross that road again, do not go through that door again, do not look through that window again, shut your eyes tight, so that the snake can never again cross into your heart. Otherwise, what you did was not confession, but rather, it was waste of words. The other; you have in your hands something that does not belong to you?

Did you do wrong against someone? No’ The knot of injustice can not be undone. A married man passed away; God wished to perform a miracle, and he brought him back to life: his wife still wants him as husband, but he does not want her [as wife], and they both come under the Church’s judgement. Leaders of the Church, Spiritual Fathers, you who govern the souls of people, what do you think? What do you decide? Is that man obligated to take his first wife back, or is he free [to do as he wishesp The theologians believe that he is a free man; his duty was to have her [as his lawfully wedded wife].

He came back to life; but this is another life; this is as if he was born again from his mother’s womb; and when one is born, he is born free. Another man died who took something that belonged to a poor man. God decided to perform a miracle again and brought him back to life, also. The poor man comes [to him] and asks for his [missing] thing; the other one refuses to give it back: they come to a crisis And I ask [you] again, is that unfair man obligated to return the stolen item, or not?

The same theologians say that yes ‘ he is obligated to return the stolen item], because this is an obligation of the soul, that remains as long as the soul lives; the soul is immortal, thus the duty is eternal; it is his obligation to return the stolen items, both, during his lifetime and after his death and until the time of the Future Judgment.

Did he die? He is still obligated. Was he resurrected? He has [still the] obligation [to return the stolen items]. Even if he dies and returns to life a thousand times, this is always an indispensable obligation. He appointed as His trustee the father confessor. But if the Ten Commandments are God’s Word and can not be discredited.

First, before you go to the spiritual father, examine your consciousness; second, when you arc with the spiritual father, confess without shame or pretense; and third, when you leave from the spiritual father, correct yourself, practice your canon, forgive your enemy, leave yt,ur evil lusts, pay for your injustices, and [only] then you arc truly and completely forgiven, and [only] then does the speechless and deaf spirit go away.

Holy Sprit, please help us all with your divine grace. I reply to you [as follm’vs 1 A man of good manners asked Oioi.! Whether young or old, one should confess right av. As long as they are certain that they can live.

But what kind of certainty can one have for a life that is constantly exposed to danger? If 1 repent, God promised me forgiveness: but God did not promise me [that I will have] tomorrow to repent. God, moreover. When does one have to confess’ The soonest pmsible time! I expect one think to happen, but something else happens. Allow me to finish this homily with a myth. There was a deer that was blind from one eye: one day.

So, then, I should have the healthy eye toward the land. I fear that the wound will come from one side. With whaf ‘With contlssion. As soon as possible. He said 10 paraly1ic Son. Fellmv Christians. Think of how it seems to [your] benefactor and Father God. And you agree with these people.

God looks at you and says, “Kat.. God in front of His own eves. Does it not. Having been sold by his brothers, and having been bought by some Israelite English translation: “Leaders of the nations gathered land spoke I against the Lord.

His Son. He said [to her] ] was a slave and yom husband, rny master. So, then, what do you decide? Let her be angry with me, falsdy accuse me, put me in jail, condemn me to death, and I can still bear all that. But how can 1 bear insulting my God? It seems absolutely impossible. It is impossible to willfully hate God, Who is worthy of infinite love, and to willfully be hated by God.

It is this ultimate evil that I would like to. Actually, I’m serious about this — I believe this is a fairly common perception. We are quickly compiling an excellent citation rate although not in all subareas of AI.

JAIR quick rise in prominence is primarily a result of the “value added” that we offer e. As you might expect, we had to overcome the “stigma” of being an ejournal, and that’s something we are still battling. Having a large and prestigious set of editorial board members helps us significantly here.

The story with respect to 2 is not as clear. As noted above, JAIR is effectively being subsidized by several institutions in the research community that provide us with space on their servers, etc. Personally, I think this arrangment is very reasonable, and we are under no pressure to change our arrangements. However, we may move to a “user fee” subscription service in the future if we decide to provide additional services or our advisory board decides that alternate arrangments would be more stable.

We’ll know in a year or so, since that’s when I’m planning on handing on the baton I personablly have little doubt JAIR will survive.

It’s become too successful to die easily. We receive no money other than the subisidies mentioned above volunteer editing and servers. Harnad notes that “the breakdown of Psycoloquy’s 15K subsidy from the American Psychological Association is easy: It all goes into paying Editorial Assistants and Copy Editors to 1 handle the refereeing correspondence, 2 copy edit and format accepted articles, and 3 maintain the listserv version.

It is wonderful for electronic journals. Fairly easy to format, as is SuperCard. It’s nice to know some people still believe in these formats. There is greater potential for platform independence in this model. A card is essentially a piece of programming, an “object” in the parlance of modern programming. Some objects like cards may hold other objects like text, buttons, or grahics, etc.. If you are concerned about your data being readable in the indefinite future, it is best to use the SGML model.

As the volume of information on the Internet increases, good copyediting and design will be as important as ever–if not more so–in making the mountains of text understandable as well as easy on the eyes. God help us all if everything we have to read is copy edited and formatted to the standards of computer scientists. The University provides Internet facilities for all faculty, students and staff.

My contribution varies with the submission rate, but it amounts to a few hours a week some weeks, none other weeks. As I said, though, the submission rate is not yet anywhere near comparable to that of the paper journal I edit, Behavioral and Brain Sciences and this, namely, a healthy, self-sustaining submission rate of manuscripts of sufficient quality — nothing else — represents the real threshold that e-only journals must reach in order to succeed.

My guess is that even when Psycoloquy does attain that rate, the total cost won’t be more than two or three times the present one to cover all expenses. What about the implied costs of e-journals which the publisher has to maintain in digital form forever, as perhaps the only central location with a complete “copy” of the journal?

Any thoughts about this archival value of a journal and the cost thereof to the electronic publisher? AA casbah. Very long term preservation is a serious problem which we have to tackle, although I don’t necessarily draw the same conclusion. Since we do not have publishers with guaranteed very long term viability, we must carry out preservation some other way. It may be that libraries, deposit libraries or national archives might have a role to play. However, just as the long term cost of preserving paper journals is not factored into the argument, neither should the long term cost of preserving the electronic versions.

But this serious problem needs more discussion, thanks for raising it! I hope the eLib programme will sponsor a workshop on this in the autumn in the UK. Rusbridge Warwick. Word, Wordperfect, etc. Can anyone on this list help? If this is the wrong list for this question I apologize and request that someone point me in the right direction.

Also please reply to me directly as I do not subscribe to this list. Thanks in advance. Good point. Since I seem to have struck a nerve, let me expand upon what I was saying. Many of the errors that are introduced into paper journals are a result of the typesetting process. With electronic submissions fewer such errors will occur for both paper and electronic journals.

I shouldn’t have put the blame on copyeditors In my opinion, the formatting of JAIR does not differ significantly from that of the paper journals I have edited.

Each article in a technical journal such as JAIR is read by a only very small number of people. Even within AI, an expert in one area, such as natural language understanding, will generally ignore articles in another area, such as robotic manipulation.

Is the added cost of copy editing and professional formatting worth it for such a small audience? Lest this digress into a flame war, let me point out that I did have a nice email exchange with Michael Boudreau, who wrote the excerpts above in response to my original message. I don’t disagree with Mike. And I’d be very happy to have a copy editor and a professional designer working on my staff. I think it depends greatly on the nature of the publication.

AA ptolemy. Electronic submission does not eliminate all problems, if there is any attempt at “reformatting”. This will often mangle elements such as tables and figures, introducing major errors that can make the paper incomprehensible. Minor errors can be fixed anytime in on-line publications, this sharply reduces the justification for copy editors.

Any reader can drop an email to the author about minor errors. A good argument can be made that unedited papers are actually more accurate, than those “fixed” by copy editors, when we consider the motivational factors mentioned above.

Stodolsky Euromath Center University of Copenhagen david euromath. Wim E. What a complicated bit of nonsense the CNRS is propagating! Si je n’etais pas si surmene, j’ecrirais tout ca en francais, mais sous le poids de mes nombreuses obligations actuelles, je compte sur la bienveillance d’autres pour bien vouloir traduire ce qui suit: I wish I had the time to straighten this out definitively, because otherwise a whole generation of innocent CNRS researchers will be needlessly handicapped by this misguided directive.

Here are the relevant facts and logic: 1 The CNRS directive does not distinguish between electronic journal publication and electronic preprint publication, and I will consider the cases separately, but the answer is the same for both: There is no problem, either in principle or in practice, with electronic dating; and the huge redundancy of the Internet provides many convergent cross-checks on the validity of a date — moreso than dated pieces of paper!

Each article in Psycoloquy is published on a calendar date, which remains part of its citation archive in perpetuo, along with the volume number and item number no more need for issue numbers, for reasons that should be obvious: articles can be published immediately after passing peer review, acceptance, and editing. No need to wait to collect them in an “issue” — consisting usually of unrelated articles anyway. If my Subversive Proposal vide infra is followed and authors establish public electronic preprint archives at their institutions for all their work, there is no reason a similar protected, coded, permanent dating system cannot be implemented for those archives too.

To imagine otherwise is to have a very limited grasp of the reality of electronic information and paper information too, by the way. Perhaps CNRS recommends that scientists not reveal their results on radio or TV either, because of the impossibility of establishing date information in nonprint media? But there is a growing number of electronic-only journals that are publishing articles whose only form is and will ever be electronic.

So unless the CNRS’s objective is to link the fate of its researchers inextricably, sink or swim, with the current paper flotilla, I advise them to undo this short-sighted directive at once, because the entire literature is poised to take to the skies, sooner or later and this directive only tilts the balance a bit more in favor of later — or at least later for France.

Alas it is in English, but there are some brilliant and eloquent spokesmen for this in French too. Only last night I saw on French TV5 the redifussion of a March programme featuring, among others, Jean-Claude Guedon of the University of Montreal, a passionate and articulate advocate of electronic publication as a new resource for reasserting the strength of francophonie in science and scholarship.

Current Contents , November 11 Garson, L. Ginsparg, P. Computers in Physics. August, American Institute of Physics. The Sciences 18 – May A. Understanding migraine as a cycling brain syndrome: reviewing the evidence from functional imaging. Neurol Sci ; — Cluster headache, hypothalamus, and orexin. Curr Pain Headache Rep ; — Immunohistological studies show widespread distribution of CGRP within the CNS, but the role and function of this neuropeptides in the brain and spinal cord are largely unknown.

There is also increasing interest whether CGRP antagonists penetrate the blood brain barrier and abort migraine headaches in part via central mechanisms. As migraine is a CNS disorder a central abortive or preventative mechanisms is suspected for several years. Finally, we will illustrate the contribution of CGRP in an animal model of photophobia. The classification of headache disorders has improved over the years, but further work is needed to develop and improve headache diagnosis within headache subtypes.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide CGRP is considered to be one of the main molecules in the pathophysiology of migraine. Currently, several drugs that target either the CGRP peptide or its receptor are in clinical studies for the prophylactic as well as the acute treatment of migraine. While CGRP is expressed abundantly in the central nervous system, it also plays an important role in the peripheral nervous system.

Most antimigraine drugs that are currently in clinical development and target CGRP or its receptor for example, the monoclonal antibodies are not able to cross the blood brain barrier and thus do not reach the central nervous system, highlighting the importance of CGRP and its receptors at sites not protected by the blood brain barrier.

These sites include the trigeminal ganglion, but also perivascular sensory afferents that may be involved in the pathophysiology of migraine as well as in the development of potential side effects. During the lecture, models and mechanisms important for the understanding of the role of CGRP in the peripheral nervous system will be discussed. Migraine is the most common cause of neurological disability worldwide [1]; it is a disorder of the brain with pan-sensory dysfunction [2].

Migraine has, in essence, three phases, prior to the canonical attack- the premonitory or prodromal phase, the attack itself, headache with or without aura, and the period after canonical attack, the postdrome.

The premonitory phase can occur from hours to days before the canonical attack. The symptoms can be seen in children, as they are in adults [4]. Moreover, there is evidence from functional imaging of activation in the region of the hypothalamus during the premonitory phase [5].

The postdrome phase occurs after the headache phase of the canonical attack is settling; it is typically settled in about half of patients in six hours. Remarkably there is widespread reduction in brain blood flow in the postdrome [7], which reflects the phenotype well.

Understanding the non-pain phases of migraine will lead to be a better formulation of the pathophysiology of migraine and eventually to better treatment. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries, a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study Pathophysiology of Migraine- A disorder of sensory processing. Physiological Reviews. Premonitory symptoms in migraine: an electronic diary study. Premonitory symptoms of migraine in childhood and adolescence.

Current Pain and Headache Reports. Brain activations in the premonitory phase of nitroglycerin triggered migraine attacks. The migraine postdrome. An electronic diary study. Neurology Minneap. The project took the form of surveys by structured questionnaire, conducted from November to August Unadjusted lifetime prevalence of any headache was Gender-adjusted 1-year prevalences were Personal impact was high, and included ictal symptom burden, interictal burden, cumulative burden and impact on others partners and children.

We confirmed that depression and especially anxiety are comorbid more than by chance with migraine. The level of this impact and its pervasiveness taken together with estimates of huge financial cost, have important implications for health policy in Europe.

Eurolight should proceed with focusing on cluster headache and headache in the elderly. Background : Despite the very high prevalence of headaches, multidisciplinary headache clinics are still few and better documentation of their content and efficacy is needed.

Objective : To describe the structure of a multidisciplinary approach and to characterize the patients and treatment results from existing centres. Further to describe the proposed organization of headache care in Europe. At this level headache specialists and a multidisciplinary team should conduct more complex treatment, initiate research and education.

The composition of the multidisciplinary team may vary, however and here there is no international consensus. Most centres include nurses, psychologists and in some countries also sports-therapists or physiotherapists. A systematic review of patients from the tertiary Danish Headache Centre revealed that patients had a mean age of In recent years more evidence from other centres has been provided and the positive outcome was confirmed, also in so called refractory patients.

Conclusion : Treatments strategies to the complicated headache patients need individualization but the present evidence provide hope for the patients and a strong support for a multidisciplinary approach in a tertiary headache centre. The existing treatment strategies will be presented. Further discussion and evaluation of the elements and the outcome predictors are important for future planning.

Migraine is a common debilitating brain disorder characterized by severe headache attacks with various associated neurological symptoms. About one-third of migraine patients experience an aura preceding the headache phase: hence migraine with and without aura. Many migraine patients also suffer from comorbid neurological disorders, such as epilepsy, depression and stroke. Migraine is a genetic disease with both environmental and genetic factors determining the susceptibility to attacks.

Recent technological advances in genetic analysis, which allowed simultaneous testing of hundreds of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms SNPs in tens of thousands of migraine patients in genome-wide association studies GWAS , made it feasible to identify robust gene variants for the common forms of migraine.

Whereas GWAS performed in various migraine subtypes yielded different top hits for the different subtypes, additional analyses seem to point to a shared genetic underpinning in migraine. Identified gene variants point towards various molecular pathways, e. GWAS data sets, to some extent, can also been used to identify the type of brain cell involved in pathology. GWAS also enable the identification of shared genetic factors for diseases comorbid with migraine.

Unlike gene mutations in monogenic migraine subtypes, the effect size of gene variants in common migraine is small, thus complicating direct translation to diagnostic tests, pathogenetic mechanisms, and treatment targets. In fact, strategies to properly address the biological role of these variants are still being developed.

The coming years will show the true impact of these combined genetic approaches on the identification of genes, pathological mechanisms, and diagnosis of patients in migraine. Research has devised various techniques for investigating nociceptive and non-nociceptive somatosensory pathways in patients with neuropathic pain.

The most widely agreed tools in use today include neurophysiological techniques and skin biopsy. Laser Evoked Potentials LEPs are the easiest and most reliable neurophysiological technique for assessing nociceptive pathway function. In diseases associated with nociceptive-pathway damage, LEPs can be absent, reduced in amplitude or delayed in latency. Skin biopsy is a reliable and minimally invasive tool for investigation of nociceptive fibres in human epidermis and dermis.

Researchers have used this technique for assessing epidermal nerve fibres qualitatively and quantitatively. Skin biopsy can be done at any site of the body, with a disposable punch, using a sterile technique, and under local anaesthesia. Many investigators have used skin biopsy to investigate epidermal nerve fibres in various peripheral nerve diseases, such as diabetic neuropathy, infectious and inflammatory neuropathies and neuropathies associated with systemic diseases.

In all studies, epidermal nerve fibre density was significantly lower in patients with neuropathy than in controls. Patients suffering from chronic headaches challange health care systems. A proportion of chronic headache patients does not properly respond to prophylactic treatments or shows low tolerability profile and remains in need for alternative therapeutic strategies and options.

The improved understanding of head pain pathophysiology has focused attention on the role of neural structures both at peripheral and central nervous system level. Thus in the attempt to improve chronic intractable neurovascular headache migraine and cluster headache patients a number of neuromodulation procedures targeting peripheral and central nervous system structures have been tried.

So far, efficacy and safety of various non-invasive and invasive stimulation procedures and devices have been investigated. Vagus nerve stimulation, supraorbital stimulation and single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation are considered non invasive neurostimulation options.

While invasive procedures are occipital nerve stimulation, sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation and hypothalamic deep brain stimulation. Years after their introduction there is still debate about their use and place in clinical practice. Results from open label series and few controlled trials suggest the need of further investigations. Criteria employed to define intractable headaches were given more than ten years ago 1.

An ad hoc European Headache Federation expert board has reviewed these aspects 2. A still unsolved issue is the lack of adequate placebo to properly design randomized controlled trials in neurostimulation studies. In patients with chronic pain conditions interpretation of placebo effect is a challange particularly for headache specialists.

In chronic migraine and chronic cluster headache patients occurrence of psychiatric comorbidities is frequently encountered. Also, occurrence of medication overuse headache — seen as an addiction behavior – is frequently observed both in chronic migraine and chronic cluster headache.

These factors are often a barrier when selecting patients for neurostimulation procedures. Long term experience with deep brain stimulation of the posterior hypothalamic area in chronic cluster headache has suggested that the generator of the attacks is not there 3.

Similarly other neurostimulation procedures tried in migraine and cluster headache have shown poor, unsatisfactory ability to stop ongoing attacks.

Towards a definition of intractable headache for use in clinical practice and trials. Cephalalgia ; — Neuromodulation of chronic headaches: position statement from the European Headache Federation. J Headache Pain. Success, failure and putative mechanisms in hypothalamic stimulation for drug resistant chronic cluster headache.

Pain ; 1 : An underlying concept in the new ICHD-3 classification of trigeminal neuralgia is the postulation that clinical presentations matter because they reflect distinct pathophysiological mechanisms. Previous attempts to establish the connection between the two have yielded uncertain results as the authors have paid limited attention to individual clinical symptoms and signs.

Yet, the relatively strict criteria for trigeminal neuralgia and its subgroups yield homogenous populations that allow advantage to be taken of the advances in neurophysiological and imaging methods.

It is now possible to conduct subgroup-specific pathophysiological studies aimed at biomarkers that pave the way for precision diagnosis of TN and individualised therapy. An example of how this might be done comes from recent studies based on sensory profiling of peripheral neuropathic pain. In a large group of patients with three different diagnoses, cluster analysis of detailed sensory testing revealed three main sensory phenotypes [1], with the potential to allocate individual patients to these sensory groups [2].

In my presentation I will suggest a pathway as to how to accomplish this. I will start by arguing that the existing data are sufficient to recommend preferred treatment in selected cases.

I will then highlight a number of clinically relevant research questions that can be answered by large-population multi-centre studies applying established methods ranging from QST and evoked potentials to structural and functional neuroimaging of the trigeminal system and linking them with clinical signs and symptoms.

Alongside this, I will discuss the challenges of phenotype profiling that could guide pharmacotherapy with, e. Peripheral neuropathic pain: a mechanism-related organizing principle based on sensory profiles. Pain ; Stratifying patients with peripheral neuropathic pain based on sensory profiles: algorithm and sample size recommendations.

Mild head injury is associated with good recovery in most patients, but with a small risk of poor outcomes. Headache is the most common complication that occurs as an isolated symptom or can be a part of the post-concussion syndrome which can also include dizziness, fatigue, reduced ability to concentrate, psychomotor slowing, mild memory problems, insomnia, anxiety, personality changes and irritability Following head injuries, children may develop headache for the first time or have their previously experienced headache getting worse in severity or frequency.

Post head injury headache is referred to as acute posttraumatic headache if it evolves within one week of the injury and resolves within 3 months and it is called chronic posttraumatic headache CPTH if it persisted for over 3 months. The pathophysiology of posttraumatic headache is not well understood, but likely to involve several mechanisms and factors. It is suggested that even minor head injury may cause a widespread stretching or shearing injuries to the axonal network.

Psychosocial factors may also play a role in the pathogenesis of CPTH. The clinical features of CPTH are similar to primary headache disorders phenotypes with the majority of children presenting with migraine-like headache and probable tension-type headache.

Some children may have mixed or unclassified headache disorders. In the majority of children no investigations are necessary. However, neuroimaging and other investigations may be necessary in children with red flags or abnormal findings on neurological examination.

The management of children with CPTH should include reassurances, adequate pain relief and preventative treatment as appropriate. Multidisciplinary approach is necessary and should include support from clinical psychology and education to help the child achieve normal school attendance and education. The interaction between enzyme inductive antiepileptics EiAED like carbamazepine, phenytoin, primidone, phenobarbitone, rufinamide, lamotrigine, topiramate and COCs is well-known.

Therefore, while taking this medication, the risk of contraceptive failure is quite high. The mechanism of action of enzyme-inductors is to modify the metabolism of the sexual steroids in the liver. Moreover, ethinylestradiol EE might modify the metabolism of certain antiepileptic drugs glucuronization of lamotrigine.

Therefore, the gynaecologist has to be careful when prescribing the pill or administering other types of hormonal contraceptives for WWE. Knowing the interaction between antiepileptics and contraceptives is important to find the most effective medication with fewer side effects. Nowadays, women with epilepsy do not always get the right information; thus, it is necessary to improve the cooperation and consultation between the epileptologist and the gynaecologist. The information is also needed even if the patient is sexually inactive.

Migraine is a complex neuronal disorder where the cortex has a key importance and characteristic headache attack is associated with multiple sensorial disturbances. A cerebral cortical phenomenon known as cortical spreading depression CSD was linked to lateralized headache. CSD is an intrinsic brain phenomenon to a noxious stimulus such as high potassium or trauma, and manifests as an extreme excitability state of the gray matter with massive depolarization of neuronal and glial membranes and redistribution of ions.

Propagating depolarization in the brain parenchyma leads to a release of various vasoactive and nociceptive ions and molecules. Vascular compartment reacts with initial hyperemia followed by long-term oligemia.

It occurs in many species from rodents to primates, though it is hard to initiate and sustain its propagation in gyrencephalic brains. Spreading depression wave involves neuronal, glial and vascular cells, and leads remarkable effects on those compartments and overlying meningeal membranes with capability of triggering peripheral trigeminal fibers and second order trigeminal neurons in the brainstem nucleus, though its effect on subcortical structures are less known.

CSD is implicated in the development of inflammatory response and releasing CGRP and nitric oxide from trigeminal nerve endings. Animal studies investigating the mechanisms of migraine and CSD are usually conducted under anesthesia, despite the fact that pain is a conscious experience. Anesthesia have profound effects on the mechanisms by which CSD is initiated and propagated, and clearly prevents observation of any associated behavioral response.

Therefore CSD studies in awake animals are crucial for translational migraine research. Cerebral cortex and thalamus are inseparable in sensory processing and thalamic reticular nucleus TRN is the gatekeeper of sensory outflow to the cortex. Electrocorticographic recordings demonstrated the direct propagation of CSD waves in to thalamic reticular nucleus.

It was dependent on full conscious experience and highly vulnerable to anesthetics. MK did not exert any effect on CSD induced amygdala activation and anxiety behavior. TRN is also involved in discrimination of sensory stimulus and transient disruption of sensorial perception during migraine headache attacks was reported Boran et al, Involvement of a strategic subcortical thalamic structure by a cortical event is important to explain several clinical features of migraine such as 1 Dysfunction of the GABAergic neurons in TRN would result in enhanced transmission of sensory information to the cortex and disruption of sensory discrimination 2 Photophobia and visual hallucinations of aura may reflect dysregulation of visual stimuli by the TRN, 3 TRN could play a role in either termination or initiation of an attack as sleep is closely related with migraine, attacks are often associated with the circadian cycle and are typically relieved by sleep, 4 Thalamo-cortical gating could be a novel target in migraine as valproate, triptans and CGRP antagonists MK suppressed CSD induced TRN activation.

Common misdiagnoses for TN include dental pathology, other regional neuralgias, short-lasting neuralgiform headaches with autonomic signs SUNHA , cluster headache and theoretically an atypical shorter cluster-tic syndrome CTS. More rarely there may be more sinister underlying disorders tumors, multiple sclerosis that induce TN-like syndromes. We will outline and highlight the salient features across disorders that will ensure correct diagnosis. Trigeminal neuralgia TN is a neurological disease which is peculiar under several respects.

The diagnosis of TN, in its typical presentation, in unmistakable on clinical grounds alone. Pain manifests with intense bursts that occur and end abruptly and usually last few seconds only.

This type of pain is paradigmatic of what pain scholars call paroxysmal pain. The most common verbal descriptors are electric-shock like or stabbing. Unique to TN is the trigger mechanism. The attacks are evoked by innocuous stimuli in tiny zones of the extra- or intraoral trigeminal territories.

The most frequent trigger maneuvers include activities of the daily life such as washing, cleaning, brushing the teeth or talking. Although the trigger zones shared by most patients are confined between the nostril and the lateral perioral region, any area innervated by the trigeminal nerve may do. One aspect of pathophysiology is supported by established neurophysiologic, neuroimaging, and histologic evidence: the primary mechanism is focal demyelination of primary afferents near the entry extra- or intra-axial of the trigeminal root into the pons.

A second pathophysiologic theory, admittedly more debatable, is that hyperexcitable primary afferents, in the area of focal demyelination, become a source of ectopic generation of impulses and ephaptic transmission cross talk from close, healthy nerve fibers. More supported by evidence from animal models is the generation of high-frequency discharges. A third potential step, with so far almost no sound evidence at all, is that the hyperactivity of primary afferents secondarily induces central sensitization of wide dynamic range neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus or even more central changes.

Finally, TN is unique also for its pharmacological and surgical treatment. TN is highly sensitive to voltage-gated, frequency-dependent sodium-channels blockers and almost nothing else , and is the neuropathic pain condition that respond best to surgical lesions of the postganglionic primary sensory afferents.

The speaker will present an overview of the methodological potentials and challenges of the HUNT survey. Results will be displayed regarding prevalences of the common headache disorders and their trends over time. Most importantly, the HUNT-survey enables risk factor analyses. Findings will be reviewed for factors of life such as physical activity, substance use, head traumas, insomnia, and mortality.

Finally, associations between intracranial abnormalities and headache disorders are now beginning to be published from a neuroimaging sub-study HUNT MRI.

SD is widely accepted as the pathophysiological event underlying migraine aura, and may play a role in headache pathogenesis in secondary headache disorders such as ischemic stroke, subarachnoid or intracerebral hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, and epilepsy.

Here, we provide an overview of the pathogenic mechanisms and propose plausible hypotheses on the involvement of SD in primary and secondary headache disorders.

SD can activate downstream trigeminovascular nociceptive pathways to explain the cephalgia in migraine, and possibly in secondary headache disorders as well. In healthy, well-nourished tissue such as migraine , the intense transmembrane ionic shifts, the cell swelling, and the metabolic and hemodynamic responses associated with SD do not cause tissue injury; however, when SD occurs in metabolically compromised tissue e. Recent non-invasive technologies to detect SDs in human brain injury may aid in the investigation of SD in headache disorders in which invasive recordings are not possible.

SD explains migraine aura and progression of neurological deficits associated with other neurological disorders. Studying the nature of SD in headache disorders might provide pathophysiological insights for disease and lead to targeted therapies in the era of precision medicine. The proportion of adult patients reporting non-traumatic headache as their major complaint at ER access ranges from 0. The main objective is to identify the patients who require urgent investigations besause of a suspected serious secondary cause.

The crucial step in the diagnosis is the initial interview. Most patients presenting with headache as the chief complaint have a primary headache disorder, such as migraine or tension-type headache, the diagnosis of which relies on strict diagnostic criteria in the absence of any objective marker.

Secondary headache disorders manifest as new-onset headaches that arise in close temporal association with the underlying cause. Secondary headache should be suspected in any patient without a history of primary headache who reports a new onset headache and in any patient with a new unusual headache that is clearly distinct from their usual primary headache attacks. Since many serious disorders, such as subarachnoid haemorrhage, can present with isolated headache and a normal clinical examination, diagnosis is reliant on clinical investigation.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage should be suspected in anyone with a sudden or a thunderclap headache. Diagnosis is based on plain brain computed tomography and, if tomogram is normal, on lumbar puncture.

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome should be suspected in anyone with recurrent thunderclap headaches over a few days. Cervical artery dissection, cerebral venous thrombosis, reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome and pituitary apoplexy may present with isolated headache and normal physical examination, normal cerebral computed tomography and normal cerebrospinal fluid.

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