Deep Learning. Neural Networks. Machine Learning. Big data. We are surrounded by these technology buzz words and their promise of software panaceas. The unspoken assumption is to collect a lot of data, apply these new data tools, and watch value magically appear.

Many industrial businesses spend millions of dollars implementing broad-based data collection, in the blind hope of a data solution. Unfortunately, these new data tools are limited. Much like a hammer, drill, or screwdriver, only when the tool is applied by specialists will its true value be unlocked. Without a clear vision of the value they hope to extract, many firms are unwittingly engaging in poor data engineering. This severely limits the value available to them from these new tools.

Ultimately, where and when the latest data science should be used will be driven by the value proposition. The wind industry faces at least six distinct data engineering challenges that must addressed by any wind farm owner or performance analyst looking to take advantage of the latest and greatest data science techniques. Uniquely among turbine power generation, wind turbine generators face an unknown input resource. For hydro or steam turbine generators whether nuclear, molten-salt, gas, or coal the enclosed intake enables inflow conditions to be controlled and well understood.

From this, operators and analysts can generate clean performance signals to assess any turbine specific challenges. In fact, when it comes to assessing the turbine aspect of performance, nuclear power is a lot simpler than assessing hundreds of wind turbines across a hillside. Each turbine with limited instrumentation, different, unknown, and constantly varying inflow conditions, can have diverse input resource. The assumptions used in wind turbine design and data collection have not kept pace with advancements in turbine engineering or software engineering.

Turbines with larger blades, farms with more turbines, and farms built in more varied global locations, challenge longstanding industry assumptions. SCADA and other software systems are often generations behind those of the analysis tools, even if the turbine has the latest manufacturer software upgrades.

These severely limit the effectiveness of any modern data science techniques, without significant and conscious up-front data engineering effort. Data collection structures reflect an industry obsession with availability as the only important metric. A better question would be, is the turbine producing enough energy performance? Many wind turbines suffer chronic or acute technical performance issues that do not cause shutdowns. SCADA and data collection systems are not built to capture, communicate, and manage these issues effectively.

Turbine suppliers and wind farm service providers operators have conflicting interests, which combine to harm wind farm owners. The wind industry is plagued by poorly structured service agreements that do not align incentives to maximize farm output.

At the same time, not enough suppliers engage with wind farm owners to address potential performance issues in a lean, dynamic, and transparent way. Many prefer to maintain their expert position relative to their customer base. Therefore, the only people with large amounts of cross-sectional turbine operating data the suppliers do not share or learn from their customers.

While those at the front line the operators are working with smaller datasets, and poorly structured data collection systems.

The result is systemic underperformance across the wind industry. Overly-optimistic, preconstruction energy yield estimates have left wind farm owners with limited resources to investigate and address performance issues. Wind farms are not massively lucrative operations. On the revenue side, projects often do not achieve their preconstruction energy yield forecasts. On the cost side, as developers seek to minimize capex to get through financing, owners end up paying for it on the opex.

Current projects are financed on merchant markets with sub two cents per kwh hedges. Any big data strategy looking to have an industrywide impact must come in with a clear and definable value proposition that can increase annual energy production quickly.

Turbine suppliers have the scale, but their closed box business model prevents them from effectively implementing an agile improvement model that would see that big data labeled effectively.

The largest operators might be active on over 20 gigawatts of assets — a mere 2 percent of the market, given the inherently local, and hence fragmented industry structure. Will they have the tools to effectively capture, label, and analyze the big data from those assets? Gareth has over a decade of experience leading identification, development, construction, financing, and operation of renewable energy assets for a renewable energy technical consultancy.

He is an entrepreneur, chartered engineer with the IMechE, and has degrees in mathematics and mechanical engineering. Often operating in extreme environments, the effective lubrication of gearboxes and bearings are vital for wind turbines to deliver optimum performance.

As well as offering a range of lubricants and greases, our experts are ready to share the knowledge and practices that will help ensure maximum performance, no matter what the conditions. To find out how we can help you power tomorrow, go to shell. Knowledge sharing between turbine suppliers, industry consultants, and asset operators is very limited.

In the next five years, we are on target to pass one terawatt of wind energy installed globally. Established businesses, predicting higher revenues for , are taking advantage of the opportunities for offshore to scale up. Offshore wind continues to be a vital and thriving industry, both globally and for the U. However, with this positive growth comes new safety risks, and a need for companies to take responsibility from day one.

Avoiding serious injury to engineers, or potential loss of life, is vital. Rapid adoption of best practices, gleaned from offshore oil and gas, can help prevent costly damage to corporate reputation and finances. By learning from the decades of experience of established offshore operations, companies can set themselves apart, gaining a commercial advantage in an industry with a growing focus on improving standards.

European offshore wind experience has highlighted the scale of the threat to personnel and equipment due to dropped objects. Dropped and falling objects in offshore wind include materials carried by engineers, components lifted or carried from vessels, or smaller items fitted to the wind turbine generator such as nuts and bolts, lights, ventilation louvres, or hatches.

These objects can fall from height, with incidents occurring either on the wind turbines themselves, or on support vessels being used for turbine installation or maintenance tasks. There is also potential for incidents during normal operations. For example, if a hidden. Dropped and falling objects, whether due to poor construction, unsuitable operational processes, a lack of adherence to existing safety guidelines, or environmental factors, pose a significant risk during the construction and operation of offshore wind farms.

There are worrying signs that, despite a number of years of relatively incident-free offshore wind development and operations, the industry has not yet comprehensively addressed these major threats to the safety of its personnel. From the outset, safety has been a key priority in the oil and gas sector.

The reason for this is clear: the combination of remote drilling platforms located in harsh conditions, and intense activity involving the use of much heavy machinery, creates an environment ripe for potential accidents. These conditions are by no means unique to the oil and gas sector; a harsh offshore environment, the requirement to work at height, and the use of large installation vessels are everyday challenges for offshore wind farms.

The use of robust and cost-effective secondary retention solutions like barriers and nets, as well as smaller-scale solutions such as pouches. It also avoids the need for adherence to generic regulations imposed from outside, which is particularly critical in an industry that shares a common interest with offshore wind in reducing the cost of operations, and reputational damage. Whether caused by human error or environmental factors, it is clear that dropped and falling objects are a significant concern to the technician working on an individual installation, to the corporate team back at HQ, and to the industry as a whole.

As the industry expands, businesses will be forced to take the issue of dropped object risk seriously. As we have seen from the oil and gas experience, it is in the interest of the offshore wind industry to demonstrate that it, too, can self-regulate. Selfregulation would avoid the imposition of generic regulation and the problems that come with it – a loss of independence for the industry and for individual operators.

Clearly, companies engaging in U. It is designed for continuous protection on very large structures and when passing intermediate anchor points. The tie-back system allows the lanyard to be wrapped around structures with very large cross sections.

The elasticized arms help to eliminate tripping hazards, and it is equipped with a captive carabiner and two MGO large-opening connectors. It is ANSI compliant. Mike Rice is Commercial Director at Dropsafe, which delivers patented meshsecurity and mesh-safety solutions. DropSafe works with clients throughout the oil, gas, and wind industries to develop application-specific dropped and falling objects prevention solutions. Mersen has been recommending Bronze rings for decades.

Our new generation of components are designed to handle the additional rotor current. Fortunately, or unfortunately, these variations are more likely to be due to external factors like temperature and wear, rather than which side of the bed it woke up on.

Maintenance managers have long depended upon condition-based monitoring CBM to alert them to this type of degradation, and the needed repairs. However, we now have a more reliable way to predict failures; by understanding deviations from normal behavior, Artificial Intelligence AI powered predictive maintenance has been able to detect some failures months in advance, with up to 90 percent accuracy. Imagine the difference these sorts of insights could make when scaled across operations.

Fortunately, advances in AI are helping to address these problems by providing more accurate analytics to identify suboptimal performance, and quantify the risks of failure. Take, for instance, the crane rental example: With a better understanding of the failure timelines for multiple turbines in a wind farm, the operator can pinpoint the precise window of opportunity to hire a crane for several repairs at once — spreading the expense across multiple assets.

With wind capacity expected to nearly triple by , strategies are needed today, to drive efficiency across the industry. Wind turbines are complicated machines that populate vast expanses of water, farmland, and mountain ranges. According to the American Wind Energy Association AWEA , a new turbine is installed every two and a half hours, presenting both a tremendous means to generate clean, renewable energy, and a new liability in terms of maintenance and repair.

Deployed turbines are at the mercy of the elements, including precipitation, lightning strikes, wind gusts, and ice, in addition to wear from normal operation. This means that every turbine operates under unique conditions and stresses, limiting the accuracy of traditional condition monitoring.

A single, out-of-service 1. Why is AI needed for predictive analytics? Predictive maintenance involves deploying sensors to monitor critical components of a physical asset. Data is then analyzed for known and unknown clues that indicate imminent failures. Traditional approaches require technicians and subject matter experts to monitor asset health in real time, often reacting to issues rather than anticipating them. Due to the distributed nature of wind farms, limited worker expertise, and rapid industry growth, this existing methodology is unsustainable.

In traditional approaches, these models rely on pre-programmed rules, and physics-based models, all painstakingly calculated by human analysts.

Not only is it a struggle to scale these models across large operations, they take a great deal of time to design and implement, and perform poorly in predicting edge cases that occur under extreme or unusual operating parameters. Most unfortunately, if a single variable of the asset is changed,. Artificial intelligence can solve these challenges. AI enabled predictive maintenance platforms ingest sensor data, and automatically create models to identify when each individual asset is drifting away from its normal expected behavior.

By its very nature, an AI model is continuously learning and refining itself, allowing it to analyze patterns and catch failures especially if it has never seen them before.

This flexibility also allows a cognitive model to catch edge cases that a rulesbased approach cannot. Even adjustments to the asset itself are not a problem, as the dynamic nature of these models allows them to adapt to changing conditions. This new type of predictive maintenance is already being deployed across the wind industry, to protect main bearings, pitch bearings, generators, gearboxes, and more.

Other important considerations include clear goals, strong leadership, and selecting a legitimate AI vendor with expertise in the area. Wind operators that pay attention to these factors, and plan their AI implementations accordingly, have the potential to completely reshape their operations, and improve their operating margins for the future. SparkCognition works with companies around the world to build human-level intelligence applied at machine scale, in order to optimize operations, and find new solutions to old problems.

AI-powered predictive maintenance relies on normal behavior modeling NBM to offer an innovative approach to anticipating secondary failures, as opposed to traditional condition monitoring. NBM uses historical sensor data and neural networks to more accurately characterize the normal operating behavior of a turbine subcomponent. An index is then developed based on the inherent risk of failure, depending on how far the observed asset behavior deviates from the derived norm. Because behavior deviations can occur in both overt and covert ways, it is critical to understand the contributing features and indicators of failure, in order to better derive root cause and drive precise repair actions.

Through a concept called explainable AI, advanced machine learning platforms are able to surface and prioritize the top contributing features that are driving the results. Explainable AI provides clear and actionable insights to the operator, helping to prioritize their next steps. How can operators obtain this technology for themselves?

To successfully implement an AI enabled predictive maintenance solution, a company needs to have a specific problem for the AI to solve and lots of good data of a high enough quality for an algorithm to learn from.

With wind farms, seasonality is important; having a full year of historical data improves the algorithm. There also needs to be a. These product are ideal for work at height in the telecommunications, electrical utilities and wind energy industries.

For more information please email us at info-us skylotec. The answer is pretty clear when it comes to fires that make the headlines; impressive videos of fires burning out of control, toxic black smoke filling the sky, burning turbine blades, and other parts shooting through the sky are well documented worldwide.

As it turns out, not too much. According to researchers at the University of Edinburgh, the numbers are grossly underreported by the wind industry. There are, however, various organizations committed to tracking and reporting turbine accidents. Caithness Windfarm Information Forum in Scotland is one such organization.

From through September 30, the end of the third quarter of Caithness has reported turbine fires, including 19 so far in Although lower than the annually claimed by researchers at Imperial College London, the number is large enough to reinforce the need for regulatory oversight. Caithness derives information from accident reports, insurance documents, and news articles. Public safety. Industrial wind projects are often built in rural communities on farms leased to wind developers by farmers, to boost their income.

Setbacks from homes and other dwellings, property lines, and neighboring homes and properties are determined by local governments these vary widely around the world.

Toxic smoke from burning fiber composite blades, lubricating oils, and other turbine components are detrimental to the health of people and animals. Turbine blades are currently approaching feet in length again, composed of glass and carbon fiber composite. When older fiberglass blades burn, they release tiny airborne particles, which are easily inhaled and deposited in the lungs, irritating the capillaries. Over time, this irritation leads to scarring that causes permanent damage.

The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health cites studies showing that these inhaled particles could damage cellular mechanisms and DNA, which could further promote the growth of cancer cells. Carbon monoxide and formaldehyde have been reported as residue from thermal degradation of epoxy resin. Another residue is carbon dioxide, which poses concerns regarding greenhouse gas emissions. Imagine this scenario with flaming blade debris. Further, due to turbine height, fire brigades are unable to reach the flaming gear boxes, nacelles, and enormous blades.

Widespread flaming debris is also difficult to contain. Often, the only option is to stand by and watch these fires burn. Destruction of property surrounding the turbine fire is not unusual, especially in dry, windy conditions. An example of this is the famous Australian fire of January 17, ; the fire resulted in the destruction of almost 3, hectares, or 8, acres. Included in the damage was a house, hectares of pasture, 80 hectares of crops, 3 sheds, water tanks, and more.

To demonstrate how simply a fire of this magnitude can be started, it was determined that a bird flew into the wind farm high voltage line, caught fire, dropped to the ground, and ignited the spreading fire. Electrical causes typically result from transformer and power converter systems that arc around cable terminations made during manufacturing. Other electrical fires result from improper operations and maintenance practices.

Mechanical causes are primarily a result of hydraulic brake systems and main shaft bearings that overheat; this tends to occur in high winds, during stormy weather, when the blades spin out of control and the brakes overheat and fail. Lightning strikes are a well-documented fire hazard. Not all lightning strikes ignite turbine fires. The sparking with flammable fluids or vapor clearly poses a fire risk. With more than 80, turbines currently in operation5, turbine fires will continue to increase.

The industry has a long way to go in preventing, tracking, and reporting turbine fires. Everyone who lives in the shadows of these giant machines deserves protection to property, livestock, the wildlife, and surrounding fields and meadows.

Burned out and rusting turbines not only mar the landscape, but also the reputation of a growing industry. She is also Executive Member of the group Turbines on Fire. Wind guarantees can be notoriously difficult to understand and navigate; as the industry moves forward with increasing technological and financial sophistication, the guarantees that back the projects need to keep pace. Ultimately, each project contract is unique, and requires a granular-level understanding of its fine print.

Nevertheless, with a general framework for understanding the different types of risks that underlie a project, and the guarantees that are available to mitigate those risks, owners can make informed decisions in this increasingly sophisticated environment.

A breakdown of these risks helps an owner determine which they are positioned to take on themselves, and which require guarantee coverage. Perhaps the most obvious is Resource Risk: will the wind blow? However, this is likely to change as certain service providers are able to leverage internal or external resource assessment expertise.

Even more complex is Market and Regulatory Risk. Market risk can include basis risk, curtailment, and anything that may impact project cash flow. Regulatory risk includes the ever-present particularities around taxes and tax credits, environmental issues, NERC regulations, and a whole host of others. Failure risk refers to unexpected, and generally catastrophic events that can bring down a plant, or at least a significant portion of it.

This includes major component and substation failures, as well as serial defects that have the same impact. Degradation can include power curve issues and blade deterioration. Another way to view the framework is to visualize which risks an Owner is still exposed to under each type of guarantee, as shown in Figure 1. With a time-based guarantee, an Owner is still exposed to most performance risk, all resource risk, and all market risk. On the other end of the spectrum, with a revenue guarantee, the guarantee provider holds almost all of the risk.

As guarantees become more sophisticated, the service provider will need to be supported by additional subject matter experts. Service providers specialize in performance; resource risk is typically well understood by a resource assessment group; and market and regulatory risk is handled by asset managers or a finance team.

Unfortunately, guarantee structures and terms and conditions have not been standardized across the industry. Here are a few helpful hints to think about as you review your guarantee.

Guarantee Target and Calculation: The target generally expressed as a percentage is what your guarantee provider is obligated to hit or pay damages. Guarantees are typically in the mid to high 90s for utility-scale plants, but can be lower, depending on how. Figure 2: Tracking Performance and Exclusions Wind averse your guarantee provider is to taking on additional risk. The calculation compares actuals to expected uptime hours, production, revenue , with adjustments for any exclusions.

Exclusions: Understanding what events are excluded is key to understanding how much risk is being passed on to the guarantee provider. Some categories of exclusions are straightforward, such as Force Majeure or curtailment; others are more questionable, such as scheduled maintenance, major component replacements, or degradation. In addition to defining exclusions, the guarantee provider should also explain how they will track excluded events. If this is not defined upfront, the guarantee could become an administrative burden.

An example of tracking performance and exclusions is provided in Figure 2. Owners might also want to incentivize the guarantee provider to increase performance with bonus payments. Helpful hint: be wary of step calculations e. A better bet is linear calculations, where each additional unit of production is equally incentivized. As the industry continues to advance, so too will the guarantees that backstop performance. However, beyond the guaranteed performance levels, it is important to understand the risks that are being mitigated, and to structure the guarantee so as to avoid administrative burden, and provide true and transparent coverage.

Prior to joining EDF, Shuckerow worked in economic consulting for the energy industry. It is assembled on the ground and then raised into place utilizing its own apparatus. Large, horizontal axis wind turbines are becoming a ubiquitous aspect of the landscape — both onshore, as well as offshore. Designs and efficiencies continue to improve, and costs keep coming down. As the wind market matures, more and more players drive market efficiencies, which helps to lower the price per kilowatt-hour.

By , total worldwide wind power capacity is expected to double over levels. Dimming visibility You may wonder, what has saved vertical axis units from the history books? Weight: 9lb 4. Where efficiencies used to be in the 7 percent range, new generation vertical axis wind turbines are seeing efficiencies of greater than 60 percent. Unlike horizontal axis based wind farms that have a very rigid cost and placement structure, vertical axis units offer a refreshing degree of freedom.

Vertical axis wind turbines can be placed wherever there is wind. This includes the rooftops of buildings in. Power per acre is still greater than 1. There are many places around the world that are hesitant to embrace wind power for fear of having infrastructure destroyed during hurricanes and typhoons. Vertical axis units are robust and heavy, and have been tested in winds to mph.

Lokhov, R. Sawaura, T. Kisloshchaeva of the Central Urals Cyrek, M. Grelowska paleogeographical reconstruc ons The prac cal use of n K. Strukova, E. Markova, A. Borodin Polish Jura Di Modica le ri e c gradients Fominykh, S. Tyc or ic of reconstruc on Gabucio Vilarrasa, I. Urbanowski t f lith es -Hidalgo, J. Rosell, P. Valde-Nowak New details about the oldest layers lona, Spain Gasparik M.

Winter, B. Marcinkowski, K. Rywoc- Traces of mammoth hunters? Kozyrev, A. Shchetnikov, A. Khenzykhenova, I.

Filinov, E. Semenei and palynological data Krajcarz, M. Krajcarz, id y Adrian Marciszak M nl e M. Stefaniak M. Madeyska, M.

Komar, A. Baca, P. Socha, P. Marciszak Biochronology of the cave lion line – the state ur at Dicrostonyx gulielmi Stanford from Bisnik Cave, Poland Billia A. Marciszak, P.

Markova “E H. Blain, C. Panera, S. Rubio-Jara, D. Uribe- The environments of the Crimea based on small mam- larrea, A. Nekrasov M. Bobak, J. Badura, Z. Jary, A. Avian remains in the Late Pleistocene locali es in the Wacnik, K. Cywa Urals and Western Siberia Ochman, A. Nadachowski B. Sotnikova, I. Foronova changes Osipowicz Mousterian level of Molodova V Paleolithic site Dniestr – M ce Preliminary results of use wear analyze of flint ar facts basin : Results of detail morphological approach Sytnyk n K.

Pazonyi, L. Kordos, E. Magyari, E. Venczel of emergence Zinovyev ng o Hungary Cyrek ng o 9. No eo os Tyc Kraj- la rp carz, T. Madeyska Cyrek Pa r pu Socha Wojtal ea ial The state of research of carnivore assemblage coexisted with humans during the last op er Ka — A. Marciszak Urbanowski “E Rywocka-Kenig Valde-Nowak Di Modica, t f lith es S. Blain la rp Burdukiewicz Kulakovska dl fo Kot id y Titov, V.

Baygusheva n so Roy Sunyer, R. Mora M Torcal, J. Benito-Calvo Vishnyatsky Borodin Sala Stach IS No eo os wa Upland fig. Most probably the overhang is what la rp under the supervision of K. Cyrek from the remained after a large chamber, destroyed by the Institute of Archaeology at the University of Nico- weathering, slope processes and possibly tectonic. Madeyska, J. Wiszniow- least 17 Middle Palaeolithic levels of the cave in- ska, P.

Socha, K. Stefaniak, A. Tyc, K. Kasprowska, habitation. The recently obtained results, including dl fo M. Kowalski in and bone remains, obtained from the cave during ea ial Kowalski The cave the bone tissue, changes in the mineral composition M lies on the outskirts of the Wolbrom Gate joining the and chemical changes. Likewise most eral composition and the chemical composition.

The geochemical research tectonic fissure extending. This points to the cooling of the climate the cave fig. Analysing those layers in the strati- Cyrek et al.

This is supported IS n in relation to layer 19, deposited on those sediments. This means that the accumulation of the layer layers 19a — c is not entirely clear Cyrek, Krajcarz happened in the periglacial conditions, at least peri- M nfe At present due odically, inside the cave. As in the case of the older 8 to a small number of organic finds and old chronolo- sediments layers c , also in layer 18 eurytop- gy, it is difficult to establish whether they are linked ical animal taxa prevail.

Among those the dominant ng o with the phase as part of the Holstein Interglacial species is the cave bear. On the basis reindeer, chamois or arctic fox Stefaniak, Mar- sa du th of the geochemical data analysis of biomarkers it ciszak A numerous flint assemblage, animal was proved that man did not play a significant role bones and remains of several smaller hearths prove in the accumulation of sediment in this layer fig.

There was a large amount of organic Pa r pu ing data Cyrek et al. Plant M. Krajcarz argues with the warm interstadi- humus resulting from the breakdown of the plant al, or the interglacial corresponding to the Lubawa material indicates a link with grassy flora and co- dl fo Intergacial OIS 7.

The paleozoological analysis, niferous trees and has a similar composition to layer based on very numerous, animal bone material al- This points to the presence of the taiga forest id y lowed the reconstruction of the cave surroundings around the cave, and consequently to the warming M nl e at the moment of sedimentation.

The dominant role of the climate during the accumulation of this layer of the steppe-tundra taxa has been observed, which in comparison with the lower layer The compo- n so would point to the presence of open territories. The sition of clay minerals is similar to the composition taxa which prevailed included: the reindeer, Irish elk, of layer Basing on the observations it can be ea ial horse, woolly rhinoceros and steppe wisent. There deduced that the change of climate was not signif- were less numerous examples, characteristic of the icant, but sufficient to trigger flora changes in this op er forest zone, such as: red deer, roe deer, pine marten part of the Polish Jura Krajcarz ; Krajcarz et and brown bear.

The presence of such taxa as: the al. M Marciszak The microstratygraphic and spatial The fauna analysis is well correlated with the litho- analysis of flint artefacts, animal bones and remains logical and sedimentological observations, pointing of several hearths indicated that the activity of man to the presence of forest complexes and open areas “E at that time was mainly performed inside the cave, around the cave.

The forms which are typical of open areas finds fig. It has a form of silty loam with coarse include: steppe wisent, chamois Stefaniak, Mar- gravel. In The early-Vistulian layers 11 — 9 fig. The spatial increase, whereas the number of aquatic taxa are on analysis of assemblages unearthed in those layers the decrease Cyrek et al.

The spatial anal- has revealed a similar distribution of both flint arte- ysis has revealed that the situation was similar to facts and animal bone fragments, i. Archaeological excavations the shelter and in the side chamber. In the entrance to – M ce have shown a visible preference to set up camp- the main chamber, each layer bore traces of hearths sites inside the rock feature. This is con- It is an indirect proof that in spite of milder firmed by the material forming the sediment, blown M nfe conditions, the climate underwent cooler fluctu- in directly from the areas neighbouring with he cave, 8 ations.

The intensive cave inhabitation during the and the state of preservation of limestone gravel, accumulation of layer 15 is additionally confirmed which is less weathered than in Eemian layers, de- ng o by the geo-chemical research. Ac- not too big. The paleozoological border of forest and open territories were present. No eo os analysis has indicated a clear warming during the In general, it can be assumed that open areas with sedimentation of layer 13 and cooling in the case the presence of some forested territories prevailed la rp of layer In the deposits of layer 13 we can ob- park forests, forest-steppes.

The presence of the serve dominant eurytopical forms and forest forms remains of the horse, Irish Elk, steppe wisent, woolly Pa r pu roe deer, red deer, pine marten. In layer 12 there rhinoceros and the reindeer in the bone material in- is a visible increase in the percentage of taxa con- dicates a constant presence of open areas around nected with open areas, typical of the tundra and the cave, whereas the forest environment manifests dl fo steppe-tundra environment horse, reindeer, steppe itself in the presence of the roe deer, pine marten, wisent in comparison with the material from layer fox or wolf Sefaniak, Marciszak The deposition of the sediment from the layer The youngest sediments in which the Middle M nl e took place during harsh climatic conditions.

At that Palaeolithic remains of settlement were discovered time steppe and steppe-tundra areas prevailed in the come from the lower Plenivistulian OIS 4 fig. The forest area decreased or vanished com- water in the valley, at the bottom of the cave, which pletely Cyrek et al. Simultaneously, but the most intensive settlement took place during other activities aiming at the far-reaching adapta- M the transitory phase between the first and the second tion of the living space were performed, such as period.

The most densely inhabited part of the cave erecting the construction of a wind-shelter fig. The deposition of the sediment “E a wide entrance leading directly towards the valley. The evidence of this is provided by charcoal found Open areas prevailed in the vicinity of the cave. In the previous- ies of water. The fauna is represented by eurytopical ly mentioned hearths the wood of spruce, larch and forms of taxa.

There are clear traces of forest layers 14 — 19 included to Middle Polish Glaciations taxa red deer, roe deer or aquatic ones Sefaniak, MIS 8 — 6. Cyrek et al. The cave had a favourable location, wa Upland was presented by Hercman et al. The main change was IS re and Upper Pleistocene. The traces of short-lived to established post—Eemian age of layers 12—13, and stays of Middle-Palaeolithic hunters-gatherers have to correlate layers 13a—14 with Eemian.

Interglacial M nfe been observed in various environmental conditions position of these layers was confirmed by the most 8 in the separate phases of the cave inhabitation. Layers 19—19a were correlated with Maciej T. The cave is a part of destroyed bigger cave sys- ic matter. The valley bottom is built of Vistulian loess, excavated and analyzed for more information on Pa r pu cut by riverine paleochannel filled with alluvial sed- cave morphology see text of A.

Tyc in this volume, iments. In modern times the river has disappeared or text of K. Cyrek in field trips guide, in this vol- and nowadays the valley is dry. However drillings ume. Profiles of sediments from different parts of dl fo showed the presence of Lower Holocene channel cave are diverse and many lateral changes of layers sediments and younger flood sediments connected can be visible.

The lowermost part of profile is fully id y with weakening of water flow, what occurred since formed in Main Chamber, the middle part — in Side M nl e Neolithic or Bronze Age. Geological re- 10 m. The profile consists of 23 layers, numbered ea ial searches were conducted by: Teresa Madeyska downward fig.

Krajcarz since rosa red clays, and layer 21 is redeposited terra ur at The first description of sediments, made on rosa clay interlayered with loess. The age of terra the basis of researches of T.

Madeyska and J. These initial — II series — layers 20 — 19b. These are the sediments studies tried to correlate the layers 12 — 13 with of cohesive flows, shaped in form of lenses. It is built mainly of and lower layers with South Polish Glacia- loam or silts rich in limestone rubble.

The detailed stratigraphy, based on sedimento- — IV series — layers 7 — 3 and S1 and S2. Series con- logical, geochemical and paleontological data was sists of fluvial and mudslide sediments. These are loess peated by Cyrek et al. These publica- and humic Holocene sediments. Various kinds of for- and Dog Cave Jaskinia Psia. The analysis of , Polonius , Cyrek et al.

No eo os valley bottom. Since , more than m2 deposits have been References la rp explored to the depth of — cm from the sur- face. Badania archeologiczne , Stefaniak, Marciszak , Tomek et al. Cyrek Holocene layers 1b and 1a Krajcarz, Madeyska ed.

Eurasian Prehistory 1 1 , p. Kittel, J. Rekonstruk- eds , Quaternary International, 1—2 , p. Cyrek ed. Tyc, P. Tyc, land in the light of geological data. Palaeontologia la rp of the past, Acta Geologica Polonica, 52 1 , p. Electronica 15 1 , p. Selection of flint tools from the Middle Pleistocene cultural levels: 1—2 — layer 19; 4 — layer 18; 3, 5—6 — layer 15 drawn by M.

Selection of flint tools from Upper Pleistocene cultural levels: 1—2 — layer 14; 3 — layer 12; 4—5 — layer 5 drawn by M. Krajcarz le ri e c. No 71—79, PL Szczecin, Poland. The entrance of this small karstic le ri e c cavity is located m a.

The cave floor ascends towards deeper part of the cave, which has a shape of one straight, 25 m sa du th long corridor with two small chambers. As it was determined due to the geophysical studies and drillings, the val- t f lith es ley below the cave is covered by sands of differenti-.

Stajnia Cave. View of the site during exploration Fig. Urbanowski sediments drawn by M. All the sediments deposited before complex The cave has been known for a long time and used D were also the subjects of other post-depositional for different purposes in historical times. The inten- deformation formed possibly in a cold environment, sity of usage resulted in partial destruction of sedi- including a sediment sinking or upward injections ments.

The field research has been conducted there of deeper units mainly from complexes G and F. Before the excavations was woodland species. The geophysical research al- collared lemming Dicrostonyx gulielmi , the Nor- 8 lowed to estimate total depth of the cave infillings as way lemming Lemmus lemmus , the narrow head- about 6 metres. Six stratigraphical complexes were ed vole Microtus gregalis and reindeer Rangifer ng o distinguished.

Most of them has been depos- remains. On the other hand, inhabitants of steppe ited or reworked during last few centuries, however or other dry and open areas, such as the common sa du th single Late Neolithic artefact was also found. Sever- hamster Cricetus cricetus , are very scarce, except al lenses of light yellow sandy deposits complex B for the relatively numerous common vole Micro- underlie the Holocene soil in central part of the tus arvalis.

Species living in diverse biotopes are or ic of cave. Complex C con- mus , the European water vole Arvicola terres- t f lith es sists of several layers of poorly sorted loams and tris , wolf Canis lupus , fox Vulpes vulpes , small.

The most charac- rubble. The biostratigraphic comes from disturbed part of the sediments, markers remain in accordance with the geological dl fo most probably from the C18 layer. The grey colour- and absolute dating. The dental morphology of the ed unit C19 represents the remains of the LGM or root vole Microtus oeconomus from complex D id y pre-LGM sediments, seriously eroded during the is characterised by very low frequency of so-called M nl e Last Glacial Maximum.

All the units are dark-brown cave loams recorded, including the remains of Panthera pardus op er deposited in relatively warm and wet conditions, very and a small series of remains which on the morpho- rich in faunal remains and Late Middle Palaeolithic metrical base may be attributed to Ursus deningeri. They are characterised also by Most of the remains from archaeological layers rep- the highest content of organic matter.

Complex D resent adult individuals, and the cut marks were dis- M is underlined by the light-grey unit E1 and dark – covered on the bones of two most frequent species grey unit E2. Both are archaeologically sterile, and reindeer and cave bear.

The preliminary studies on both contain significant amount of limestone gravel seasonality suggest the cave was used throughout “E Below the E2 unit a relatively thin complex of heav- a whole year. Palaeobotanical studies on complex D revealed It directly overlies the complex G, consisting main- the presence of non-analogous floral association, ly of the residual loams of intense orange colour, dominated by herbaceous and shrubby plants and resulting from high presence of phosphate and suggesting a relatively open landscape.

The over- aluminium. Complex G is also characterised by representation of Cichorioideae family is typical the lowest content of limestone rubble.

The analysis of charcoals from priscus were found within the small depression in layers D1 and D2 revealed the frequent presence of the sediments of complex D, located alongside the Pinus cembra. This observation remains in accord- NW wall. This area SC8 , of about 2×1 m size, lo- ance with the research on phytoliths.

All the pottery fragments anderthal teeth discovered in the cave Urbanowski and one iron bolt coming from destructed et al. Also two human hairs were found dur-. The – M ce between the late Medieval and modern times. Only concentration of fireplaces was found in the neigh- one macrolithic blade core from layer A0 may be bouring area of about 9 sq. One isolated find of IS n attributed to late Neolithic.

M nfe logically attributed to Magdalenian. Fifteen blades This observation may be connected with the traces 8 and two single – platform cores may be both attrib- of starch remains found in the analysed sample of uted to Middle or Upper Palaeolithic, however no the sediment. The morphology of starch was typical ng o clear traces of Upper Palaeolithic industries have of grass seeds of the Triticeae.

This may suggest the le ri e c been found so far. Vast majority of flint artefacts preparation of starchy food during the Neanderthal — either found in situ layers D1 — D3 or outside settlement of the cave.

They represent a range of human activities, including the production of flint tools and food processing. Quaternary International, No eo os cial flake knives and scrapers. This allows to assign 1—2 , p. The dominance of the rectilinear cutting don, p. Institute of Systematics and Evolution rary industries from Central Europe. Whereas most of the bones, W.

Naturwissen- covered in the deeper part of the cave, the majority schaften, 97, p. New research are meant to 8 synchronize the two essential parts of the site and Archaeological excava ons — the sediments inside the chamber. Precise studies or ic of krzysztof. Initially, based on the hitherto geological t f lith es e-mails: Damian.

Stefanski ma. Zajac ma. The cultural units can be described as follow: Holocene — I cultural level with Neolith- la rp site. The tulian 4 OIS — V cultural level, micoquian; early Vistulian: VI cultural level, taubachien like indus- id y published profiles explicitly indicated the diverse try; Eemian 5e OIS — VII cultural level, mousteri- M nl stratigraphic situations in various parts of the site.

The collapsing event had occurred proba- unidentified industry with traces of bifacial tech- nique. For the upper part of the profile with relative- ea ial bly even before the advent of Palaeolithic man here. This file contains bidirectional Unicode text that may be interpreted or compiled differently than what appears below.

To review, open the file in an editor that reveals hidden Unicode characters. Learn more about bidirectional Unicode characters Show hidden characters. In that case also check the ownership of the canal [FS ] r Also hide the refit cost for orders, it is not predictable r Now close those windows [FS ] r Otoh, towns also tried to connect to single roadbit tiles such as tunnels and depots, even though they were not connectable in the direction of interest [FS ] r Use them both, since at least on some MinGW versions one is not enough r New default value is ms r Ignore the click as is done for the other order types to competitor’s stuff [FS ] r Remove the need to set one [FS ] r So also consider the provided name, not only the industry type r Allow GS to rename towns r Also add a generic list item to refit while keeping the subtypes of individual vehicles [FS ] r These are included in chat and console messages to force them to be displayed right [FS ] r Tamil r, r, r, r, r, r This caused the width to be more than the requested width, but it would still be drawn correctly [FS ] r Tamil and Thai [FS ] r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r In that case the.

Braking: Effect 08 instead of 07 [FS ] r Clarify the parameters and fix the cases were they were swapped r It is more suited to be only changed via the signal GUI r Keep the focus at the OSK and close it on losing focus r Macros and side effects do not mix, especially if there is some obscure ‘ define min’ in a windows header that nobody thinks of [FS ] r Rather clip the object name r That way they can be selected using Action7 depending on present cargo- or railtypes r Also increase it from 64 to , and change the name in the cfg file, so everyone gets the new default [FS ] r As they have not got the savegame yet, they will not have the interface to send them either r The other two tiles may be owned by other companies.

Also do not count the middle tile of a lock as canal, independent of whether it is build on ground or river slope r This allows vehicles to better control the capacity for cargotypes which they know; and let cargo NewGRFs influence the capacity for cargoes the vehicle NewGRF does not know, but which the vehicle is refittable to due to cargo classes r That way they are always shown in game and are not editable [FS ] r And do not count buoys while loading a game either r Also give those errors precedence over other information r If the AI would be displaying them later we would be showing those control codes as question marks [FS ] r It can contain random text, and at most 3 buttons from a collection of 17 r This caused the cargo transfer from the replaced parts to put even more stuff in the already full wagon.

Currently most useful for vehicle var 60 r They block the view r That requires suppliers to write a letter confirming their materials can achieve those standards, but Langley said suppliers are often hesitant to do so. Rouge plant. Coastal Bridge performs nearly every type of test for virtually any specification, Langley said. It has labs in each of its plants, but its main lab is in the Baton Rouge plant.

The fancier tests we ship out to private testing labs. Improve Asphalt Quality: Low-watt density heaters dissipate consistent, controlled heat on the sheath. PHCo has been supplying customers with a cleaner, safer and more reliable heat source since To learn more, call us at or email info processheating. With the Accu-Shear, users can buy them with a handful of ports to inject several different liquids at the same time, or simply as a water foamer. Langley is even thinking about getting a second Accu-Shear for the Baton Rouge.

First, he wants to better integrate antistrip into his mix. Louisiana requires plants to use a minimum of. Langley said most plants use an amino-based antistrip.

Web Services is an exciting new interface available for your Libra Generation3 systems, opening the path to critical data sharing from anywhere. Web Alerts and Web Reports are the first applications to use this new interface, providing realtime information to the people who need it — even to your customers! Web Alerts — automatic notifications Allows authorized users to configure alerts, that they receive via SMS or email on their portable devices smart phones, tablets, etc.

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Web Services automatically, and securely, limits their information to only that which pertains to their particular jobs. The Accu-Shear comes with a gallon water tote with a fill valve with auto shutoff, mounted water and electrical enclosures, and lifting eyes and forklift pads. Second, he wants to do some experiments with rejuvenators and expand the variety of products he may want to add, especially as he continues his RAS and RAP experiments.

Operating this drum results in real savings that add up. Operate in the most efficient way possible and save fuel with the V-Pack TM stack temperature control system 2. Producers have streamlined processes. This installment looks at the roof of the haul truck cab. The paver operator, dump man and screed operators are tasked with watch-. Their attention is typically focused downward, not up. If the paving train moves forward at 20 feet per minute, the paver may push the truck, with its body in the air, right into a mature tree branch or—worse—into live wires.

The downtime involved when a truck gets tangled up in wires amounts to thousands of dollars at best, serious injuries at worst. Other crew members should not approach the truck and should not attempt to untangle wires. A member of the crew will contact the utility company, of course, but will also contact emergency responders to assist.

Trying to exit the cab before the utility company has ensured power has been cut off to the affected wires can result in serious injury or even death. Truck drivers still need to be on the lookout for dangers overhead. When independent haul truck driver Steve Murray wanted extra safety, he in-.

Construction Angels Inc. Our goal is to assist the family at the beginning of their grieving process with hopes to provide them with a sense of comfort, both financially and emotionally. Construction Angels wants to make an everlasting impression and impact within the industry, one family at a time.

The third annual event was held at the Bergeron Rodeo Grounds in Davie, Florida, April 15, and featured an all-day battle of the best chicken wings and sauces from at least 14 of the best restaurants in the area with celebrity judging.

Live rock and country bands entertained a record-setting audience. Because Construction Angels is a national organization, Ronyak seeks ways to expand its good work beyond the headquarters of Florida. A Michigan contractor, Giannetti Contracting Corporation in Sterling Heights, is fundamental to that recent piece of success.

Construction Angels also provides grief counseling to those families who have lost loved ones in our industry. We have partnered with various organizations and charities to ensure Construction Angels is able to assist these families during tragic times.

Our goal is to operate in every state and to assist these families around the United States. To help the organization help more families in their most dire time, everyday workers can get involved without traveling to Davie, Florida, for the annual WingsFest.

Ronyak has another, easy way workers can pay it forward to help one another. By providing the form to your human resources department, you authorize the payroll department to deduct a dollar or two—or whatever you are comfortable donating—from each of your paychecks.

The way Ronyak explained it makes perfect sense. That may not seem like much to the person doing the donating, but it adds up for the Construction Angels and for the families who suffer a tragedy down the road. At press time, Construction Angels was hard at work preparing for the next fundraising events in the four regions in which it operates, and working to incorporate offices in additional states.

AsphaltPro magazine is honored to bring attention to this good work and to increase awareness of construction safety. Your tax deductible donations help support families that have lost a loved one, working on a construction site. Construction Angels, Inc. Is your family prepared? Everyone expects to return home at the end of the day to our families, but for unforeseen accidents, the loss of a family member or friend is heartbreaking.

Give a copy of this form to your Employer. What would you like to do? Check only one box, and then complete all sections of this form. To stop payroll deduction speak with your employer. Contribution Instructions You must complete all applicable parts of this section. Unless otherwise indicated, your deductions will begin as soon as possible following receipt of all paperwork in good order.

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Promotes better coating and chemical adhesion of asphalt to aggregate for better moisture damage resistance. Eight years later, what was once an interesting idea is now a standard practice across most of the nation.

The construction season survey results were released in March , and NAPA is currently surveying the industry about use of these technologies and materials during The first survey found that barely 43 percent of U. Since that time, growth in warm-mix production has increased dramatically, although the adoption curve has begun to plateau See Figure 1.

During the construction season, some Seventy-eight per-. IS is now available. To download a full copy of the survey, visit www. The numbers are a dramatic percent increase in WMA tonnage and a percent increase in the use of WMA when considered as a percent of total tons since It is also a greater than 5 percent increase in tonnage over the construction season and a 1.

State departments of transportation remain the biggest customers for WMA. Nearly For other public agencies, such as cities and counties, 34 percent of the tonnage was WMA. For commercial and residential customers, the percentage was slightly higher at Figure 2 shows WMA use as a percent of total asphalt mixture production in each state. For additional product information and services please visit : www.

Figure 2. Of the available WMA technologies, plant foaming remains the most common, being used for 72 percent of the WMA produced in The use of chemical additive technologies reached an all-time high.

Additive foaming and organic additives make up the remainder of the market. The percent of WMA produced with additive technologies has grown significantly since when they made up less than 5 percent of the WMA technologies used. In total, companies representing 1, plants participated in the survey. Responses came from 48 U. Kent Hansen, P. Audrey Copeland, Ph. Carter Ross handles communications for the association. For over 30 years, Hotmix Parts has supplied all types of equal to or better than original equipment parts in equipment.

Most important, we have the experienced personnel and technical know-how to help support and improve your plant and make it run better. Every brand and every type of asphalt plant can be improved and upgraded. Innovative employees know how to make a job flow more smoothly for a company. For Lindy Paving Inc. Project Engineer Kyle Monceaux and Senior IT Business Analyst Steve van Vliet reached out to Robert Carroll, the vice president of commercial initiatives for Nearmap, a location content provider specializing in high-resolution, aerial imagery, to set up a mapping technology within the app.

Now the new app helps Lindy Paving lower expenses while increasing revenue. The field data collection app is browser-based and designed to increase efficiencies in communication and project management of its plus paving projects conducted each season. Created for both field and office use, the browser app replaces reams of paper maps, spreadsheets and PDF files, while allowing planners and estimators to prepare for projects without physically going to the site.

In the past, the company had to send a field engineer to walk the site and take pictures of problem areas. General consumer grade technology such as Google Earth could not provide them the detail that project managers need-. We developed our own camera and data collection system. In future versions of the app, Lindy plans to build in tools allowing calculations and drawing directly on the Nearmap imagery to determine exactly where objects will go on any given project.

For example, one of their clients — a large utility company — works with Lindy to repave roads and sidewalks of the hundreds of infrastructure repair locations they work on each year. The aerial images show Lindy crews the exact locations of their projects. Planning is something Nearmap can assist clients with thanks to the regularity and frequency of flights and image collection.

Carroll said the flights take place several times a year, which means pictures are updated on a regular basis, keeping images current. So we can see and track changes over time. Lindy Paving Inc. Lindy has consistently delivered award-winning asphalt paving and product manufacturing. Hayes awards and has continued to attain Quality in Construction awards since then. The company boasts five asphalt plants and a terminal in the state to serve its own paving crews as well as customers.

The drum mix plants are set up to produce any mix design for commercial, municipal or state projects, including warm-mix asphalt when needed. You can approach any one of their executives and sit down to discuss an idea.

Left: Kyle Monceaux, project engineer at Lindy Paving who worked with the team on the field data collection app. Middle: Steve van Vliet, senior IT business analyst in the Lindy family of companies who worked with the team on the field data collection app. Right: Robert Carroll, vice president of commercial initiatives for Nearmap, a location content provider specializing in highresolution, aerial imagery. In future versions of the app, Lindy plans to build in tools allowing calculations and drawing directly on the Nearmap imagery to determine exactly where objects will go on any given project, which will help in developing estimates.

Amazon S3 media storage, and aerial map services provided by Nearmap. More efficient crew management—The Nearmap imagery allows crews to see the project site before they physically go there. It does not require a lot of clicks and steps to get to the information they need. Pre- and post-construction information— Nearmap within the app provides all the key data points and a whole view of the project lifecycle.

Visibility and access to all key data points allows Lindy to better plan and prioritize projects, which leads to increased projects and revenue. Reduced staffing—The increased effectiveness of all parties involved has eliminated the need to add additional staff to manage the more than projects completed in a single paving season. This type of innovation allows Lindy Paving to make informed decisions rapidly. They plan and deploy resources in a highly efficient manner. Help educate future generations about the value of asphalt roads while providing a positive community message about your asphalt facility!!!!!

Special pricing available on quantities over 5,, call for pricing. You face choices every day. Get started paving your road to success with ADM. EnhanceWhat you can do with your invention depends on the circumstancments and improvements come from a variety of sources—original equipment manufacturers OEMs , plant operators, and other industry es surrounding how you conceived it, and your employment situation workers.

First, regarding the circumstances of your your asphalt work easier, quicker, safer, or better? What should you do invention, did you create the invention on your own or did someone with your idea? Who do you tell? What steps can you take to protect your else help you create the invention? Believe it or not, this simple quesidea? Is your idea patentable and should you consider filing for a patent?

What things can you do for prototyping and developing your invention? If you created the idea on your own and on your own time and with How does the process of obtaining a patent work? What do you do with your own resources, then you can generally control what you can do a patent once it is awarded? These questions and many more will be anwith the idea.

For Ruby and his BarrelMover, he developed the prodswered as part of this three-part series written to provide you with some uct at home, on his own time, and then tested it in the field. Howevimportant information about the role intellecer, if you jointly created the idea with another person, then you are each considered to be an tual property, such as patents and trademarks, inventor, and, absent an agreement otherwise, plays in road construction, and specifically the Although there may be a each has a right to the invention.

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Lech, J. Partyka ed. The presence Acta Geologica Polonica 19 2 , Warszawa, p. Furthermore, spatial distribution analyses, In Scladina Cave Belgium , two main Middle as well as the interaction between taphonomic ob- Pa r pu Palaeolithic archaeological complexes were iden- servations and fieldwork, are both components of tified shortly after excavation began in Otte the research Bonjean et al.

The second both the edges and surfaces. Spatial distribution and M nl e archaeological complex comes from the sedimenta- refitting both show that the material is spread over ry unit 5, which was deposited during a cold phase of an area of about 20 meters long inside the cave, n so the Weichselian Early Glacial Period MIS 5d or 5b varying in width.

Interstratigraphic refitting of ob- Bonjean et al. This presentation will de- jects from 3 different layers of unit 1A and 4 other ea ial monstrate the recent results for both assemblages layers of the overlying unit T shows that the arte- that were obtained through multidisciplinary re- facts were successively reworked, with each event op er search both in the field and on the collections. This altering the spatial distribution and taphonomical includes assessing the state of preservation and to properties of the anthropogenic material.

In the low- ur at evaluating the degree of reworking of the objects in est layer that contains artefacts 1A-GL , the lithics the two complexes. This has been done as a preface exhibit a high state of preservation; however, up- M to archaeological interpretation. These recent modifications have only preservation of the bones is less Lamarque These erased any possible traces of anthropogenic activity layers relate to a diversity of sedimentary deposi- Bourdillat Only burned bones, which share tional processes, mainly solifluction, runoff, and the same spatial distribution as the lithics, directly debris flow.

This highlights the complexity of the reflect human activity Bonjean et al. Most of sites: The case of sorted patterned grounds. Quaternary the artefacts exhibit a homogeneous state of preser- International 1—2 , p. This suggests that [in:] M. Toussaint, K. Di Modica and S. Pirson eds , Le. Car- IS n are still fresh compared to those of unit 1A.

Patou-Mathis and H. Colloque C3. The archaeological complex of nie. Helinium 23, p. By the Sea of Azov Region Russia observing the effects of sedimentary reworking n so through the multidisciplinary approach discussed Vera S. Baygusheva1, Vadim V. Titov2 above, the extent of information that an archaeolog- ea ial 1 ical complex can provide about past human activi- Azov museum reserve, Azov, Russia 2 Ins tute of arid zones SSC RAS, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, ties becomes more understood.

As for most Middle e-mail:vv tov yandex. This causes the At the Middle and Upper Pleistocene of south ur at identification of the superposition of successive oc- of Eastern Europe remains of bison are the most cupations in each archaeological complex, as well M common fossils, both in the Paleolithic sites and in the interpretation of the spatial distribution of hu- the natural localities.

These animals were the main man activity sites, to both be impossible. Despite hunting object of the ancient man in the region Bay- these limitations, a large amount of information gusheva, Titov, In particular, in the North “E can still be obtained.

By determining the first lay- Caucasus, the Sea of Azov and Lower Volga re- er containing artefacts, the chronology of the two gions they are known from a number of the Middle occupations can be better estimated. Muralovka, Amvrosievka, Zolotovka 1. In contrast to the large sample of bison istics of populations at different periods of polymor- remains from kitchen wastes of Amvrosievka site in phic group of genus Bison existence.

Judging by the – M ce scantily known. Important for solution of some these calcaneal tuber fusion, the share of young animals issues is the material of B. Region, Russia. Fossil remains of Sex composition of the herd was determined pri- animals of one species were confined to the ravine marily on the characteristics and size of astragali ng o filled with finely homogeneous loess-like loams. Due to the same degree of preser- be traced. In the group of males only one specimen or ic of vation of bones, confined localization of the materi- can be interpreted as an adult one, which is similar al, the ratio of the age and sex, the lacking of traces to the data of Belan Krotova, Belan, Rela- t f lith es of human handling on bones and the absence of im- tive size of posterior metapodiums shows that only.

The them was younger, according to incomplete fusion minimal number of detected individuals is The of lower epiphysis. Horn cies forests and meadow-steppe plant communities cores of B. At one of the lower by K. Flerov as B.

Based on the rela- op er jaw with dp2-m1 an unerupted incisor preserved. It tively straight long horns it may be assumed that B. There was carried out the studying of enamel Unerupted second permanent molar tooth m2 is mesowear Fortelius, Solounias, ; Rivals et al. Such a degree of deciduous and , fixing the character of herbivorous animal permanent teeth wearing have met at two more in- feeding based on analysis of the degree of sharpness dividuals.

The comparison of our data with those of of the teeth. The examination of 22 specimens of “E N. Belan Krotova, Belan on B. Thus, taking the birth time of calves points and differs from the modern plains bison in the April-June, we conclude that the loss of the B. The character of herd has occurred in December-February. The isotopic stages, and the climatic similarity to those of modern forest bisons, and dif- fluctuations within these, are sometimes inferred by fers greatly from those of the North American plains small and large mammal fauna coming from these bison, which together with the food get much more sites.

Relevant deposits, which allow to explain abrasive particles Rivals et al. Symbolic behaviour of the Middle – M ce Females and young individuals were the most abun- dant in the herds. Journal of Anthropology, 15, p. Several research- sa du th VA A. Doklady Earth Sciences, in press. It means that t f lith es wear gradient: A new method for reconstructing paleo-. American Museum Novitates, , p. In considering the history of mankind, there are la rp Krotova A.

Supporters of one of them, believe olithic site in Eastern Europe, [in:] O. Soffer, N. Plenum press, New York, among the population from which modern humans London, p. They e Research, 68, p. Kahlke ed. Monographien des The symbols are in the most general view, rep- Romisch-Germanishen Zentralmuseums Mainz, 40 1 , resentations or other terms and charac-ters. They p. In other words, ur at the appearance of symbols is considered one of the Clima c fluctua ons and their main criteria to separate humanity.

It is commonly M rela onship with Isotopic Stages inferred believed that the symbols enabled the creation of by varia ons in small and large mammals abstract thinking, faster communication and mental from selected Middle Paleolithic sites of structures, which are often implemented in everyday the Italian peninsula life, ensuring the survival and development of the “E people to limit or even replace biological adap-ta- Claudio Berto, B.

Sala tion. Evoluzione, C. Sani- it can not be linked to the development of symbolic otis and M. Henneberg presented the average culture-specific human biological populations. Fur- characteristics of the two populations. They showed ther research is needed to explain the origins and that these differences are much smaller than some early development of symbolic culture. Last study of the genome from the bones of Ne- pany, Inc, New York. University of Chicago Press, ng o Chicago.

Cambridge Archaeological Journal 18, p. Nature , p. Now it is ev- t f lith es Revolution: Behavioral and Biological Perspectives on ident that they presented symbolic behavior, in par- the Origins of Modern Humans, Edinburgh.

Pa r pu residential construction. Before Farming 4, p. Several finds tific American, June , p. Last ur at va, Stefan Cel Mare Str. Contrary to some simplistic views, lapping with the smallest individuals from Ireland. The upper tooth series lengths premolar series and weak development of cingulum.

A very weak Interglacial of Western Europe, but this, apparently, development of the cingulum, which is hardly vis- is not the case of the giant deer from Moldova.

The complete upper tooth row is is significantly smaller than the specimen from rather large, slightly exceeding the total length of the M nfe Schlutup, Germany according to data from Pfeiffer largest specimens from Ireland, and falling within 8 and still smaller if compared to the specimen the range of size variation of the sample from Rhine of Irish giant deer stored in the Museum of Natu- Basin of Holland and Germany according to data ng o ral History in Paris. Unlike the Irish form of giant le ri e c characterized by the relatively narrowest upper ep- deer, the specimen from Brynzeni-I is characterized iphysis among forms involved in the comparison.

The single complete met- or ic of ant deer from Dublin, and the sample from Bruine atarsal from Brynzeni-1 approaches the Moldavian Bank Holland. Although liest remains of M. The metatarsal bone under consideration are among the oldest remains of M.

Holsteinian of Steinheim ca. The lower mandi- giant deer from the Late Anglian of Homersfield, ble thickness and length of lower molar series from Norfolk, England, characterized by particularly large Ofatinti and Duruitoarea Veche are similar to sam- size rivaling the largest specimens from Ireland.

However, unlike Van der Made analyzed the proportions of the sample form from Ireland, the only known in metacarpals of M. Cingulum metacarpals, and younger Eemian M. The position of metacarpal also very weak as in the sample from Poland.

The specimen Cervidae, Mammalia. Courrier Forsch. The mandibles of females are relatively nar- lithic of Russian Plane and Crimea. Lister le ri e c e-mail: paleo umk. Perhaps, the strongly ossified vomer, reduced with a preserved sediment profile from the period size of foramen ovale and strong obliteration of cra- between the Middle Palaeolithic and the Middle or ic of nial sutures should be regarded as characters caused Ages.

The entrance cave mouth, with the north-west by pachyostosis Croitor The nature of cingu- orientation is situated m above the sea level and t f lith es lum is unclear. This character is very variable. The 6 m above the current bottom of the valley. On the. Perhaps, the cingulum represents a sort The research carried out hitherto has revealed at least of dental hypertrophy related to the hyperostosis of Pa r pu 17 Middle Palaeolithic levels of the cave inhabita- head skeleton in giant deer Croitor Palaeolithic sites in Europe.

Recently, M. Kraj- p. These 24, p. Quaternary International, age of layer 19a and the unearthed assemblage A7, , p.

Zoological Journal of Levallois method. They are all of simi- lar typological-technical character, regarded as the Musterian one with the Levallois technique. It can be supposed that even stratigraphically older levels layers 19abcd are of very old, local origin of the Musterian tradition, with the use of the Levallois method in the eastern and western part of the Car-.

It is quite striking that 8 there is a considerable number of blade forms made with the use of the Levallois technique. Most forms ng o denticulate and notched tools can be considered to le ri e c belong to the diversified Musterian tradition. More- over, we cannot rule out the contribution of single sa du th elements of the Micoquian culture in the form of asymmetrical backed knife and and para-burin spall. In this situation the discussed assemblage would be or ic of metaphorically speaking a palimpsest formed as a result of several, short stays of groups of people t f lith es at the cave.

They could have interchangebly used. Musterian and Micoquian flint tools? Chronostratigraphy of the layers 15 — 19 with assemblages A4 —A8. Rekonstrukcja zasiedlenia jaskini dl fo phases? Studies ing the Wartanian glacial period, is the last sediment of the Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, ea ial including pre-Eemian finds.

At least 7 phases have been ronmental Archaeology, ed. Jiri Chlachula and Norm Cat- distinguished at that time, which can be interpret- to, Quaternary International 1—2 , p. Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Geol- were short-lived stays, during which particular ogy, Warsaw University, Warszawa. Most of the larger mammal material has been collected from deposits referred.

The mam- e-mail: paleo umk. Thousands of fossil remains The participants of the interdisciplinary research, of smaller and, in particular, larger mammals have carried out since and supervised by K. Cyrek been revealed. Wiszniowska, P. Woj- Equus mosbachensis is the most numerous species tal, A. Tyc, M. Biostratigraphically it is important to stress that Pa r pu Hitherto, the research has revealed at least 17 the fauna from Channel II contains relicts from the mid-Palaeolithic levels of cave inhabitation.

The early Middle Pleistocene Sorex Drepanosorex results from recent years, including geo-chemical sp. Correlation between the faunal re- n so to track down the cultural changes of pre- and Ne- cord from Schoeningen and the different English anderthal cave inhabitants in relation to the natural faunal assemblages referred to MIS 11 — MIS 7 so environment over the period of years.

Many bones have been collected from late Middle Pleistocene have been modified artificially. The analyses of the deposits exposed in the upper levels of the open-cast faunal assemblages presented here apply evidence lignite quarry.

A number of different sites have been for Middle Pleistocene hominin subsistence and excavated in the exploited area and thousands of hunting strategies. The most important elements of those tools Palaeolithic leaf points in Central Europe were the two symmetrical edges converging at the tip. Only such tools from the technological point e-mail: omimea gmail. On the basis of the analyses the author would. For last 50 years many researches were es converging at the tip; both edges were treated in IS re done on the oldest leaf-point horizons MIS 5d — 3.

As a result few dozens of sites can be recently as- M nfe cribed as early leaf-point industries spread all over 8 the Eastern, Central and Southern Europe. Middle Palaeolithic variability in Central The aim of the project was to check if there are Europe: cultural tradi ons versus ng o any significant differences between leaf points and technological and func onal adapta ons le ri e c between leaf points and other bifacial tools among all earliest leaf-point collections.

In total 41 collec- Janusz K. The or- recting. One can see that re- the classical Acheulian, but east from this line the Pa r pu movals performed from different directions had dif- bifacial technology was probably an independent ferent purposes whilst the cutting edge was only of innovation.

The objec- lution buissonnante, manifested in the whole gamut id y tive of its repair was to thin the cutting edge near the of bifacial chaines operatoires, varying tool mor- M nl e tip, correct its thickness and the tip itself. Although phology, and different blank production methods. Throughout decrease; this was probably caused by the impeded the course of repairs the knappers aimed at keeping access to raw materials in new, forested environ- ea ial a long, straight and sharp cutting edge.

The entire ments and difficulties in adapting Micoquian hunt- process of production and rejuvenation was subject- ing strategies to interglacial environments. In OIS op er ed to this aim. It is especially visible in all the parts 5e in Central Europe the most common facies of the where some elements of the tools were resigned Mousterian was Taubachian with microflake tech- ur at from on behalf of others. The knapping might have nology.

This was also tools were not made to be symmetrical. Their sym- a period of further growing diversity of the Mico- metry is a side effect in the process. Those tools can be called bifacial knives. Their shaping took place in separate tool reduction, differing access to raw materials or stages and all other steps considered the aimed adaptation strategies. Although there are dif- jmlopez iphes. Gegant fig. The observation M nfe in Iberia is characterized, according to pollen anal- is coinciding with the attribution of the southern- 8 ysis, by dynamic alternations of the phases of forest most Iberian Peninsula as a climatic refuge, where development and expansion of semi-arid areas, in Neanderthals survived until ca.

In this Acknowledgments context of rapid fluctuations are located the sites We want to thank all members and directors of sa du th of Neanderthal occupations in the northeastern the excavations mentioned in this work for allowing Iberian Peninsula. In this work we are going to ex- us to study the material of small vertebrates. Fur- pose the environmental and climatic data obtained thermore, this paper is part of projects CGL or ic of from the small vertebrates herpetofauna and small and SGR Using the financial sponsorship of the Spanish Ministry of No eo os quantitative Habitat Weighting and qualitative Science and Innovation.

Black bars indicates the participation of woodland formations; grey bars — the open meadows. There is much variation in the Southern Iberia as a refuge for the last Neanderthal pop- ulations. Journal of Biogeography 38, p. IS Spain. Quaternary Science Reviews 43, p. This tendency of the units ng o to become shorter with decreasing age might reflect le ri e c increasing rates of faunal turnover, but alternatively The accelera on of faunal change might reflect a greater effort or need for stratigraphic sa du th towards the end of the Pleistocene precision or an increased abundance of the fossil record.

There are indeed indications that the number of Jan van der Made fossil localities increases in the younger stratigraphic or ic of units Van der Made , figure 1 , which implies Consejo Superior de Inves gaciones Cien ficas, Museo a better known record. By now, many localities have been The longevity of species and the rate of evo- dated, using an increasing array of methods.

As a re- la rp lution or faunal change became interesting when sult, it is possible to establish the longevity of many radiometric methods made it possible to measure species, albeit with varying degrees of precision. Pa r pu geological time. Immediately it was recognized that Here species longevity of African and European these parameters are not constant in time.

He also noted is used with exception of the suids. There is id y that there are differences in average longevity be- a series of problems with this data set: the uneven M nl e tween different orders, with Neogene Proboscidea temporal and geographic distribution of the fossil and Chiroptera having longer longevities than, for record, the different representation of the different n so instance, Artiodactyla, Carnivora and Primates.

The European record has similar problems. Nev- related to climatic change and Van Dam et al. However, there is one problem M Milankovich cycles. Al- short. The same applies for the species that existed ternatively, shorter biozones result in more precise, already 20 Ma ago. If living species are eliminated and usually shorter, temporal ranges of the species. Trends in the duration of the biostratigraphic units, based on mammals. Plotted is the duration of each unit ur at against the midpoint of the age of the unit.

The duration varies wildly; the running average of three and five units gives a clearer view of the trend in decreasing duration in the Plio-Pleistocene units. A series of Spanish local units after Van Dam et al. The faunal sets for Africa after Pickford Over six hundred African large mammal The living species in these graphs are few 1 and 3 species taken together show the same pattern. While in European and African suoids; and 0 and 1 in the most European localities are not directly dated, but proboscideans and they originated 0,9 Ma or less have estimated ages on the basis of their position in ago, so that their incomplete longevities affect the biostratigraphic units, African localities are often di- graphs only for that time range.

There is a notable rectly dated. The variation in average species longevity in European and African Suoidea and Proboscidea during the M nl past 20 Ma. The average species longevity of the species present in time slices of 0,1 Ma is plotted against e geological age. Proboscidea from Africa after Sanders et al.

Own data were used for the Suoidea from Africa and Europe. The fact that also in African localities in faunal turnover from about 1,2 Ma onward, be- op er species longevity decreases, suggests that the rates coming more pronounced within the Middle and of evolution and faunal change increased in more re- still more in the Late Pleistocene.

So it seems that, at least in part, The actual rate of evolution can be calculated in the younger biostratigraphic units have shorter du- the cases where a measurable parameter changes. M rations because a faster rate of faunal change allows This is possible with size changes in an anagenetic the definition of shorter units, rather than that shorter lineage. Size change as measured from a particular species longevities are the result of shorter biostrati- bone or tooth may reflect general size change of the “E graphic units.

Size changes in insular environment may and exits extinction, local extinction, evolution be very rapid.

In continental environments, such into a different species or subspecies. For the past changes tend to be slower. Size changes in large 2 Ma of Western Europe faunal turn over is given mammals tend to be faster during the Pleistocene in figure 3. The frequency of the events increases and Holocene than during the Mio- and Pliocene.

Because of the or ic of Late Pleistocene, the scale is 10 ka. However, for the t f lith es Middle and Early Pleisto- cene, the temporal ranges. Not Pa r pu included are insular and domestic species. The running average shows the trend in increasing dl fo turnover more clearly.

Nature, 44, p. Geobios, 15, p. State of the art. Earth-Science Reviews, 52, p. MADE J. Carbonell ed. Ariel, p. Cavarretta, P. Gioia, M. Mussi, M. Palombo eds , system that includes Psia Cave and the neighboring The world of elephants. Proceedings of the 1st inter- national congress. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, shelters. Roma, p.

The cave was filled with sediments of near 10 m thickness. The profile consists 23 layers,. Trabajos sobre The oldest series includes layers 23 — These IS n Neogeno-Cuaternario, 4, p. Lind- age of terra rosa clays was not determined, how- say, V. Plenum, New York, p.

These Biostratigraphy for Westem Kenya. Journal of Human are the sediments of cohesive flows, shaped in form ng o Evolution, 10, p. Sanders eds , Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. Uni- sa du th till today. It is built mainly of loam or silts rich t f lith es the European Paleogene — Mainz, February 18th—21st Almost no sedimentary struc-.

Vrba, G. Denton, ing and karst weathering, with addition of aeolian la rp T. Burckle eds : Palaeoclimate and and biogenic accumulation. The only sedimenta- evolution with emphasis on human origins.

The differences between partic- ular layers are marked firstly in color, rubble con- id y Geology and chronostra graphy of tent and granulation of fine fractions. The Research Centre in Warsaw. Twarda St. The Wiszniowska et al. Cave to MOIS 4. The the Side Chamber. Beyond the Third Chamber the series includes layers 7 — 3 and S1 and S2.

Rich Mi- long corridor is located. There also exists a collapsed coquian horizons were found in lower part of that remain of the other chamber, now preserved as the series Cyrek et al.

The aeolian accumulation of loess had a place P. Quaternary In- Europe like European mink and stone marten. In ternational , p.

The whole fauna is now dated roughly at OIS 9 ed. Rekonstrukcja zasiedlenia jas- to 1 some lowermost layers can be older. Doctoral thesis, Faculty of wolf, big body size fluctuation under climatic con- Geology, Warsaw University, Warszawa. Most bones are strong- le ri e c based on studies of molecular fossils from cave sedi- ments. Layer 7a is relatively easy distinguish- milies, can be divided into three major assemblages.

Even the Gravettian fireplace was found in the rial was found in lowermost part of sediments layers same horizon. It means it was possible to distinguish ur at 19a — d. M The second, the most richest assemblage is rep- For these reasons selection of samples looks the resented by carnivores typical for the late Middle most important task. Only items with unequivocally Pleistocene, like wolf, red and polar fox, cave and determined spatial localization sector, unit, depth, “E brown bear, lynx, cave lion, wildcat, badger, pine and layer were included into the analysis, both from marten, stoat, least weasel and cave hyena.

All samples with those species, form usually rarely founded in are represented by hard animal materials bone and cave sediments are also present: dhole, steppe pole- antler , and items bearing proofs of anthropic impact cat, wolverine and leopard.

Third, youngest assemblage is chracterized are preferred. Book of Abstracts 59 The intact sediments with layers 3, 4 and 5 both material.

Only one datum can be calibrated OxA- Epimagdalenian and Magdalenian have been , and its age comes near the absolute data presented only in the entrance of the cave. Older obtained earlier Valoch, The remaining data Magdalenian layer 6 has been detected also in the place the occupation into an older period than the centre of the cave.

The Gravettian finds have been 45 —50 BP interval. We take into account also finds from layers cave was not younger than 49 BP. Cave in the Moravian Karst. Interdisciplinary Analy- le ri e c The dating of Epimagdalenian layer 4 was carried sis of Hard Animal Material from Middle Palaeolithic out using three samples. The first two OxA Horizons , Brno.

One of the dates corresponds to Epimagdaleni- No eo os an layer 3 OxA , while the other more likely Alexander K. Ocherednoi1, Ekaterina V. Vishnyatsky1 dalenian layer 6 OxA Petersburg, Russia Magdalenian layer 6 OxA Accord- 2 Ins tute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, ing to these data the occupation of the cave can be Moscow, Russia rather reliably dated to the period around 12 BP.

Neruda et al Fourteen samples were sent Paleolithic assemblages of Khotylevo I and the Be- ur at for analysis, and absolute dates were acquired for 12 tovo group. Seven samples yielded a general datum tes- The recent fieldworks were aimed first of all at M tifying that the Micoquian occupation is not young- the study of the depositional history of the Middle er than the obtained value, which oscillates between Paleolithic culture-bearing strata and clarification of 45 and 50 years BP.

The OxA sample, their stratigraphic and chronological position. It is impor- L. A tentative correlation of the Middle Paleolithic sites in the Upper Desna region ea ial as radiocarbon dating, make it possible to character- posits took place during the first half of the Middle ize the site formation process in much more detail Valdai megainterstadial OIS 3. For the time being op er than has been possible before. The formation of the sites are associated with redeposited buried soils alluvium deposits was dated to the transitional stage disturbed by cryogenic processes, resting on the between the Mikulino interglacial OIS 5 and Ear- Cenomanian Upper Cretaceous sands, and over- “E ly Valdai glacial OIS 4.

However, as was shown lain with the Late Valdai loess-like sandy loams and by the works, the culture bearing layers were loams. In addition, the works demonstrated the ex- hope that the continuation of field explorations at the istence of several culture bearing layers differing in Middle Paleolithic sites of the Upper Desna region both the number and typological composition of ar- will contribute to clarifying many questions relat- tifacts and the degree of their post-depositional dis- ed to the chronology, genesis, and variability of the location.

In all likelihood, the formation of these de- Micoquian industries in the Russian Plain. Book of Abstracts 61 Variability, mobility and site func on in terial acquisition patterns and their incidence in Pre-Pyrenean Middle Paleolithic.

The the technological systems. The technical systems examples of Roca dels Bous and Cova observed indicate a coexistence of expedient and Gran Iberian south-eastern organized knapping methods which generate ar- Pre-Pyrenees tefacts with few standardized technological traits but versatile to tackle their subsistence Mora et Xavier Roda Gilabert1, So a Samper Carro1, Joel al.

These artefacts suffer intense reduction. This behaviour is not related to a scarcity of raw materials. Facultat de Filosofia i Lletres. Spain about concepts such as technical variability, and the e-mail: Javier. Roda uab. Spain in addition to the evaluation of diverse contextual elements such as hearths, permits making inferences ng o This paper presents the techno-economic data about site function aspects, but also related to Nean- le ri e c documented in the Mousterian archaeological lev- derthals mobility patterns Geneste The scenario t f lith es Regarding the lithic assemblages analysis, we observed shows a territory in which technical behav-.

Regional setting and sites discussed in the paper. MORA R. Cova del Gegant Sitges, Spain 8 ogie , p. However, zooarchaeological assemblag- No eo os Technical variability and changes in the pattern of set- es are subject to a wide variety of factors that may tlement at Roca dels Bous Southeastern Prepyrenees, modify them, distinct from mere human actions.

III, p. Location and site plan of Cova del Gegant. Carnivore modifications observed in Cova del Gegant. A: Gnawed humerus of bovid, showing the differential sa du th preservation of the most robust epiphysis distal and the destruction of the least dense proximal ; B: Sample of regurgitated bones; C: Nibling stick.

Example of a horse metapodial showing an intense gnawing by hyena cubs. D: Metapodia of bovid in which both epiphyses were destroyed, resulting in both crenulated edges or ic of of accumulations generated by diverse taphonomic human presence, although justified, should not be t f lith es agents.

In these cases, some criteria have been es- considered as the unique agent responsible for the tablished in an attempt to distinguish carnivore from faunal assemblage accumulation. No eo os hominid accumulations Cruz-Uribe ; Marean This paper will evaluate the factors that have et al. Cova del Gegant con- influenced the skeletal representation and preserva- la rp stitutes a case of study of successive occupation in tion of GL-1 macro mammals assemblage to estab- a cave context.

Formed in References dl fo a small karstic system, currently the cave access is CRUZ-URIBE K, , Distinguishing hyena from homi- limited both by sea and through a natural vertical nid bone accumulations, Journal of Field Archaeology id y shaft, although during the Neanderthal period it has 18 4 , p. M nl been calculated that the coastline were 8 — 13 km.

It consists of a principal chamber and two gal- Human Evolution 49, p. Stratigraphic context and direct dat- ea ial the other closer to the sea GL Servei mammal assemblage has not been conducted. Complex data shown that human talunya, Barcelona, Unpublished archaeological report. We can purpose that the B. Climate was temperate cold and humid. IS ferentiating faunal assemblages accumulated by hyenas n and hominids, International Journal of Osteoarchaeo- IS re logy 12, p. They represent following orders: Er- 1 Department of Archaeology and Ethnology, Keio University, inaceomorpha 1 species , Soricomorpha 2 fami- t f lith es Tokyo, Japan, e-mail: sato flet.

Remains originate from la rp tkgota yandex. Porcupine Hystrix remains ur at Siberia were aimed at detailed studies of thin layers from layers 15 and 14 provide the first information within the Karginian paleosol and deposits MIS 3 on the occurrence of this species in the Pleistocene M including the cultural layer of these sites. The se- of Poland. Biotic data has been obtained on the lar layers the qualitative and quantitative changes composition of fauna species and includs species were traced.

The indices used for comparison com- “E of mollusks, birds, and mammals. For the first time prised the species richness Margalef index , over- pollen and spores from the site B. Naryn section all species diversity Shannon-Wiener index and have also been studied. The results obtained allow similarity Jaccard index. Changes in the species a more detailed reconstruction of the Early man en- composition were correlated with a stratigraphic vironments of the Fore-Baikal subregion at the time scheme of the site.

Margalef index values for rodent of MIS 3. The taxa of vertebrate fossils from MIS 3 assemblages fluctuated from 1,7 to 2,8, for most paleosoils all belong to the Mammoth faunal com- assemblages from 2,0 to 2,6. The highest mean tem- layers 6, 4 and 1 MIS 4 — 2. In the Vistulian Gla- 6 — 5d. MIS 5d — a. The lowest values of Shannon-Wiener The coldest month mean temperatures ranged.

In order to to In the Eemian MIS 5e , the mean value IS n determine the climatic conditions, the climatic re- of this parameter ranged from M nfe calculate the discriminating function to identify the The mean annual thermal amplitude ranged from 8 greatest likelihood of appurtenance of the assem- 19,60 to 26,50 C.

The highest values of this param- blages to particular climate zones. Pa r pu mates: equatorial with mainly vegetation type: ever Accumulation of layers 19 — 13 MIS 8 — 5d took green tropical rain forest , tropical with summer place during the most favorable climatic conditions. Accumulation of lay- id y temperate with mainly vegetation type: nemoral ers 7 — 5 MIS 4 — 3 occurred in progressive dete- M nl e broadleaf—deciduous forest , arid—temperate with rioration of the climate.

However, the deposition of mainly vegetation type: steppe to cold desert ; layers 4 — 2 MIS 3 — 2 occurred during the gradual n so cold—temperate- boreal with mainly vegetation improvement of climatic conditions. The high- ested areas, with constant presence of wetlands, est values of the mean monthly temperatures, which streams and lakes.

Socha, A. Bioclimatic discrim- iments. Remains of aurochs Bos primigenius were inant capacity of terrestrial mammal faunas. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 10, p.

Stefa- tulian Weichselian age. Remains of the medium niak, A. However, we cannot exclude that some re- University of Silesia No. In contrast remains of gi- or ic of Middle Palaeolithic to the Holocene ant deer Megaloceros giganteus 90 specimens and roe deer Capreolus capreolus remains were t f lith es Krzysztof Stefaniak1, Piotr Wojtal2.

No 17, are smaller than that of Capreolus suessenborn- ensis. The modern elk Alces alces quence of deposits dating from MIS 8 through to the remains were present only in the Holocene. The id y Holocene Cyrek ; Cyrek et al. Nearly all lay- of forest or forest-steppe species in deposits which op er ers have produced ungulate faunal remains, howev- character could be described as glacial.

For instance er the frequency of particular species differs signifi- the reindeer, a species connected with steppe-tundra ur at cantly among layers. Proboscideans are represented environment, were found in interglacial and inter- by very few remains for of all isolated lammelae stadial layers. The permanent presence of species M of Mammuthus primigenius found in some layers belonging to different oecological groups together, only and a large fragment of innominate from layer in almost all layers across the section, is noticeable.

There were Less frequent over 50 speciemns are rhi- found few cut marks made by Neanderthal hunters noceroses represented by Coelodonta antiquitatis, on large ungulate bones. Also some burned bones found in late Middle and early Late Pleistocene were found in the cave sediments. It cannot be deposits, and a single tooth of Stephanorhinus ex- excluded that large carnivores, such wolves and cavated from layer 19 MIS 7 or MIS 8.

Speleogenous sites in karst cavities with fluvi- were found carnivore gnawing marks and other al cave deposits. Formation of deposits is related to were digested. The taphonomic and zooarchaeolog- both karst development and permanent streams.

In ical analyses are still in progress and more detailed the caves of this type, reworking and redeposition of results will be appear in the future. At the present time the only site of this type is described in References the Northern Urals Cheremukhovo Non-karst cave sites. Archaeology, stratigraphy and palaeoeco- blocks form a shelter or a grotto. Socha, cal for the areas where the basalt and granite rocks A. Quaternary International, gy, climatic conditions, as well as the activities of 1—2 , p.

Archeological tes: palaeoenvironments and protection. Studies of the data suggest that the human use the caves in the Urals t f lith es Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, No. The caves repre- its biostratigraphical position based on equid remains.

The sanctuaries comprise the remains of large and middle-sized mammals hunted or domestic. Pa r pu Late Quaternary paleontological cave The role of human in the formation of the Quater- sites in the Ural Mountains: taphonomy, nary micromammal assemblages is not detected chronology and environmental gradients Smirnov et al. The three environmental Ins tute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the gradients are reflected in the modern fauna and flora n so Russian Academy of Sciences Yekaterinburg, ul.

At the present time, ur at Northern Eurasia. The deposits yielding mammal the overall number of cave sites yielding the small remains are confined to the sites of several types.

This amount of M 1. Speleogenous sites in karst cavities. This type paleofaunal data may serve as a source of informa- includes caves, grottos, rock shelters in karst rock tion for studying the paleoenvironmental gradients formations. The deposits are formed by the break- in the central part of Northern Eurasia and link them “E down of rocks into fragments of different size — to the data on the European and Asian part of the con- from boulders to clays. Most of the sites known in tinent. Analysis of the published and original data the Urals belong to this type.

The deposits corre- on the faunas of the Urals suggest that the three en- spond to the period from MIS 3 — MIS 2 to the Holo- vironmental gradients could be revealed at different cene Smirnov et al. Holocene Smirnov et al. We show that the role of in Russian. IS re European species in the arvicoline fauna has become more important from the Late Pleistocene to the Late M nfe Holocene and present day in the northern, middle, Upper Pleistocene Flint Assemblages from 8 and southern parts of the Urals and adjacent areas.

Our data suggest e-mail: sudol umk. The study is supported by RFBR grant no. The presence of notched and denticulate ea ial insect faunas of the Urals and Western Siberia: Connec- tools, which are typical of the Musterian culture, tion between Europe and Asia, Quaternary Internation- implies the co-occurrence of both cultural tradi- op er al, in press, doi Mammal Fauna First Found in Allu- during the sedimentation of layers 13 and cooling in vial-Speleogenic Formations of the Late Neopleistocene the case of layer The cave was inhabited during and Holocene, Northern Urals, Locality Cheremukho- both climatic phases.

Particularly intensive inhabi- vo-1, Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, Vol. On the basis of the technological-typo- logical analysis and a similar state of preservation of flint tools, the previously mentioned assemblages can be allocated to the same cultural tradition.

This is proved by the presence of recurring features in. It seems that these are M nfe Musterian assemblages with the use of the Levallois 8 technique, formally linked with the both la Quina and denticulate facies Cyrek Human activ- ng o ity at that time affected the whole area of the cave, le ri e c which is additionally proved by multiple hearths. The youngest and at the same time most numer- sa du th ous Middle Palaeolithic flint assemblages E and F have been recorded in sandy sediments from the period of lower and middle Pleniglacial OIS 4 — 3.

Chronostratigraphy for layers 5 — 14 over the flake technique of the discoidal core. The Pa r pu older cultural level E clearly shows that human ac- tivity concentrated in the area of the main chamber, whereas the younger one F is distinguished by a CYREK K.

XI, The most spectacular are the unearthed remains of Warszawa, p. LXV, z. They are dom- as a result of freezing. Almost all cave segments excavated during archaeological studies are locat- ng o inated by complexes of massive carbonate buildups ed close to entrances few metres of distance.

In le ri e c of Oxfordian age. The research leading to these results has re- The carbonate buildups tend to form isolat- ceived funding from the Ministry of Science and High Education of Poland under grant agreement or ic of ed complexes separated by less compacted bedded, somewhat chalky limestone inter-reefal facies. No eo os and construct monadnocks or pinnacles in the land- scape.

M nl e limestone. Total length of the cave is ca. Tyc ed. Kopernika, Jeziorowice, M genetic and multi-stage feature. Kras been reshaped by later processes — e. Hypogene caves with their TYC A. Klim- environment make ideal habitats for bats, which chouk, D. Ford eds , Hypogene Speleogenesis and enter caves soon after initial entrances form.

They Karst Hydrogeology of Artesian Basins. Ukrainian In- can deposit metres of guano and initiate corrosion stitute of Speleology and Karstology, Special Paper 1, below it. Pure phosphate crust in the lower part of Simferopol, p. Socha Eds , Karst of the presence of phosphate and aluminium. The most abundant mammal assemblage of IS re achowski3 the complex D is dominated by inhabitants of well- 1 Department of Archaeology, University of Szczecin, drained and wet tundra species represented by the M nfe Krakowska Str.

The field research has been the European water vole Arvicola terrestris , wolf conducted there since , under guidance of Canis lupus , fox Vulpes vulpes , small mustelids t f lith es Szczecin University with a cooperation of Polish. The preliminary isotopic stud- No eo os Academy of Sciences, Biax Consult Centre, Czech ies suggest a slight climatic shift towards more arid Academy of Sciences and other institutions.

Six conditions between layer D2 and D1. The biostrati- la rp stratigraphical complexes were distinguished there. The dental morphology of the root vole Mi- Pa r pu iments – mostly deposited or reworked during last crotus oeconomus from complex D suggests the few centuries.

The complex B consists of several middle Weichselian age of the fauna Nadachowski isolated lenses of yellow sandy deposits with its et al. Complex C consists of several tives of pre-Weichselian fauna were recorded. Most id y layers of poorly sorted loams and sandy loams of of the remains from archaeological layers represent M nl e a yellow to orange colours, containing a significant adult individuals, and the cut marks were discov- amount of sharp – edged limestone rubble.

Dating ered on the bones of two most frequent species n so of the younger part of the complex may be support- reindeer and cave bear. The preliminary studies on ed by the correlation with some dated sediments seasonality suggest the cave was used throughout ea ial from nearby karstic object 11 BP – OSL GdTL- a whole year.

Complex D of about 50 cm plants and suggesting a relatively open landscape ur at average thickness is much better preserved than up- dominated by the representants of Cichorioideae per layers.

All the units are dark-brown cave loams de- quent presence of Pinus cembra. This observations “E posited in relatively warm and wet conditions, very were supported by the research on phytoliths. Complex D is underlined by flint tools, chunks and nodules of LMP chronolo- the light-grey unit E1 and dark – grey unit E2. Both gy, coming mostly from the complex D.

Younger are archaeologically sterile, and both contain signif- finds, coming from complexes A and C, as well as icant amount of limestone gravel. Below the E2 unit from the destroyed part of the sediments in- and a relatively thin complex of heavily reduced cave outside the cave, are relatively scarce.

The analysis loams complex F was found. However, the field research very lately. During this campaign the overrepresentation of backed flake forms may IS the rocky bottom has been reached. Majority of the bones, includ- been vastly enriched. The oldest settlement struc- M nfe ing the ones bearing the signs of human activity ture is featured by small dimensional industry and 8 mostly reindeer and cave bear were discovered documented with the fire-camp.

These relics fit into in the deeper part of the cave, whereas most of the already known in Central West Carpathians, but still ng o flint tools were found within the small depression barely recognized, Eemian and early Vistulian sites le ri e c in the sediments of complex D, located alongside series, linked to hot sources.

This area of about 2×1 m size con- During the last exploration of the oldest se- sa du th tained also deposit of raw flint nodules and two quence of layers is clearly recognized micoquian from 3 neanderthal teeth discovered in the cave cultural element. This completes the picture of the Urbanowski et al.

Also two human hairs settlement of the cave and extends our understand- or ic of were found during the microscopic studies of the ing of the dynamics of micoquian colonization in sediments.

The concentration of fireplaces was Central Europe. Artefacts with these characteristics t f lith es found in the neighbouring area of about 9 sq. One isolated find of smoke condensate analysed by recognized as archaeologically sterile. This observation ered as the primary deposit of micoquian artifacts.

Pa r pu All the aforementioned observation suggest a Palaeoenvironment and climate relatively stable Neanderthal settlement north of oscilla ons record from Stajnia Cave Carpathians durng the MIS 3 period. Rakowiecka Str. Before the found North of the Carpathian Mountains. Naturwissen- cave development, about a dozen meters wide terrace schaften, 97, p.

Book of Abstracts 73 Stajnia Cave is filled with loams which consist of climatic conditions recorded in E2 and G2 layer limestone rubble, sand, silts and clays. Loams were allow to correlate age of the accumulation of them formed by weathering of limestone rock. Sediments from F layer could transport. Samples from these layers were investigated by Results of pollen analysis evidenced by a presence. They have been studies also C7, as well as the single occurrence of Dinoflagellata by geophysical methods.

These methods were ap- plankton in unit C7, may suggest the deposition of IS n plied for a terrace and dry valleys to assess thickness some sediments were influenced by water penetrat- IS re of sediments filling the cave and terrace.

Basic geological investigations have been made The pollen spectra from all the layers are charac- M nfe in the Polish Geological Institute under the direction terised by a strong domination of NAP with high pro- 8 of M. Winter, portions of Cichorioideae pollen, what suggests an K.

Rywocka-Kenig, B. Marcinkowski, P. Zientara, open environment and a local character of the vege- ng o M. Bojakowska and M. Lena Acade- tation. The opening of a landscape is emphasized also le ri e c my of Sciences of the Czech Republic and J.

Several pollen types repre- sa du th Warsaw contributed to elaboration of results sent the humid biotopes, as like Cichorioideae, Cirsi- of the studies.

The grass communi- The analyses confirmed differences in kinds of ty biotopes was a source of pollen of Potentilla t. Steppe acteristics. These differences are related to climatic flora is represented by Artemisia, Poaceae, Chenop- t f lith es fluctuations during the accumulation of the studied odiaceae, Helianthemum nummularia t.

Age of the their deposition can be related acris t. B6 and B7 layers Arctic and Alpine – type of flora is represented by Pa r pu were deposited in cool climate conditions and could Saxifraga hirculus t. C9 and D1 t. A closer look reveals some dif- M nl e lian- 3MIS.

Definitely warmer climatic conditions ferentiation among the stratigraphical units, which prevailed during the accumulation of sediments in might be connected with the sequence of last glacial n so D2b and D3 layers which comprise climatic records climatic changes.

The analysis of the species which represented the middle part of the marine stage 3 in- may serve as the environmental and climatic indica- ea ial terplenivistulian.

The slightly cooler climatic con- tors in the studied region shows some clear trends, ditions are recorded in the deposits of E1 layer and connected with a systematic increase of continental op er it could be suggested that the accumulation started climate influence, starting from unit D2 and continu- at the beginning of 3 MIS or at the end of 4 MIS ing towards units C19 and C18, which seem to repre- ur at Plenivistulian.

It seems that E2, F and G2 layers sent most severe conditions. The palynological data were accumulated during Early Vistulian. The warmer are consistent as well with the geological records. Excavations from onwards have so far ng o covered m2 to a depth of between 1,5 and 8,5 m.

The remains of an- imals adapted to forest environments are found in or ic of Highland. The site is a part of the same rock system as both warm- and cold-period sediments, indicating a Stajnia and Sucha Caves.

It is located about 15 m east possible refugial role for the south Polish uplands t f lith es from Stajnia Cave. Another way you can make your vehicle appealing to the paving crew is to make it com-. That leads to a potential mess each time trucks charge the hopper—giving laborers extra shoveling to do and an extra repair for the mechanic. Your truck will be more compatible with the paver if you can get the mud flaps out of the way, as well.

Each individual state department of transportation DOT has different requirements of haul truck mud flaps— splash guards. Then look into systems for easily lifting the flaps out of the way. When you back the truck to the paver, you stop before making contact.

When the paver operator moves the paver forward and brings the push rollers into contact with your vehicle, the push rollers are to touch the back wheels of the haul truck. If the mud flap is in the way, the push rollers now have the opportunity to deliver a jerking motion as the tractor moves forward.

This will cause segregation in the mat. The push rollers also have the opportunity to tear the mud flaps. This means a repair for you later and possibly a chunk of polyurethane in the mat, which is another quality control problem.

The push rollers also have the opportunity to leave asphalt mix on the mud flaps, which means more cleaning for you at the end of your shift. None of those scenarios is an efficient use of time or materials. Instead, look for a system that will let you press a button in the cab to hydraulically lift the mud flaps when you enter the paving work zone.

Or use this idea from Murray. He has extended the outer flaps of his rig from heavy duty chain. The chains keep the flaps hanging at the proper height for his DOT regs, and allow him to physically place the flaps on the fenders to keep them out of the way while he discharges the load. As you can see, haul truck maintenance goes beyond changing fluids and filters on a regular basis.

It goes beyond handling the big emergency repairs that crop up. By performing daily inspections and regular maintenance, you keep your vehicle in compliance and enhance your ability to contribute to a quality paving team.

We are a team of more than 75 chemists and civil engineers, across five global laboratories, who innovate technologies specifically designed to improve the performance of your roads. Whether at your plant or on the jobsite, our team is by your side from mix design to project completion. Let us introduce our lab to your road. Contact us today at evotherm ingevity. Today, Coastal Bridge employs between and people in the asphalt division of the company, which also has bridge, industrial and commercial divisions.

Its four asphalt plants—all Astec double drums running tons per hour—are located in Baton Rouge, Convent and Lafayette, Louisiana, and in Tampa, Florida.

Roughly 70 percent of the , tons of mix it makes annually gets laid by its four laydown crews on projects ranging from parking lots to interstate highways. In the spirit of expansion, Coastal Bridge bought the Tampa plant just two and a half years ago, hoping to add another , to its annual tonnage. And, in the near future,. Coastal Bridge also expects to add a fifth crew, based in Tampa. And, in , Coastal Bridge purchased its first Stansteel Accu-Shear Blending System to continue its history of continuous growth and improvement.

After experiencing a slew of unexpected benefits, in addition to the ability to foam its mixes, Coastal Bridge purchased a second Accu-Shear for one of its other plants.

But, the road to this point was paved with plenty of issues—no pun intended. When Coastal Bridge first began foaming its material eight or nine years ago, their foaming gun was a pain. The AC going through would often clog the water ports. These conversations just so happened to occur around the time Louisiana agreed to allow latex-modified asphalt cement AC to replace PG polymer modified AC.

But, it would still be a while before Langley would get the equipment he now knew he wanted. Instead, Coastal Bridge purchased an inline blender. So, the company tried a different, fluted blender and placed it on its Lafayette plant.

Although it worked much better, it would use more latex to obtain the same values—1. So, finally, the company purchased the Accu-Shear. The tests were consistent, the whole nine yards. It was great. Its Tampa plant uses the foaming system that came with its Astec plant. Langley estimates that foaming has saved Coastal Bridge between 8 and 10 percent a year in fuel costs and has substantially reduced its carbon footprint.

By using the Accu-Shear, Coastal Bridge also saw the amperage draw on its slat conveyors decrease when running a dynamically foamed mix. Langley also discovered he could keep foamed mixes in the silo longer and that the material released and flowed better. Generally, Coastal Bridge limits the range it hauls mix to 80 to miles away from the plant. But, with properly foamed mix allowed to be made at a lower temperature, Langley reports they can go up to 30 percent further without reductions in temperature.

Langley reports seeing increased compaction on foamed mix, even when the crew uses the same roller, in the same manner, with the same number of passes. That means the crew can reduce its compaction effort by up to three passes, in some cases. That means the crew is moving faster with fewer passes, an increased paver speed, and is laying more in terms of total tons by the end of the day.

Coastal Bridge is one of only a few companies using liquids modified with ground tire rubber GTR. Coastal Bridge acquired the plant in Tampa, seen here, only two years ago. It plans to significantly ramp up production at the plant and establish a fifth paving crew in Tampa.

After noticing its many benefits, the company purchased a second Accu-Shear for another of its plants.

In Louisiana, Langley said, the state wants to see a reduction in temperature if a plant is foaming its mix. However, the lower limit is typically degrees. Coastal Bridge runs at degrees, for a bit of added flexibility.

That extra bit of heat also had a positive impact on the mix quality. That requires suppliers to write a letter confirming their materials can achieve those standards, but Langley said suppliers are often hesitant to do so. Rouge plant. Coastal Bridge performs nearly every type of test for virtually any specification, Langley said. It has labs in each of its plants, but its main lab is in the Baton Rouge plant. The fancier tests we ship out to private testing labs.

Improve Asphalt Quality: Low-watt density heaters dissipate consistent, controlled heat on the sheath. PHCo has been supplying customers with a cleaner, safer and more reliable heat source since To learn more, call us at or email info processheating. With the Accu-Shear, users can buy them with a handful of ports to inject several different liquids at the same time, or simply as a water foamer.

Langley is even thinking about getting a second Accu-Shear for the Baton Rouge. First, he wants to better integrate antistrip into his mix. Louisiana requires plants to use a minimum of. Langley said most plants use an amino-based antistrip. Web Services is an exciting new interface available for your Libra Generation3 systems, opening the path to critical data sharing from anywhere. Web Alerts and Web Reports are the first applications to use this new interface, providing realtime information to the people who need it — even to your customers!

Web Alerts — automatic notifications Allows authorized users to configure alerts, that they receive via SMS or email on their portable devices smart phones, tablets, etc. Web Reports — real-time, drill-down reports Provides authorized users mobile access to company-wide or filtered reports via web browser. Reports are formatted to fit the screens of mobile devices and allow easy clicking to get more detailed information.

Web Services automatically, and securely, limits their information to only that which pertains to their particular jobs. The Accu-Shear comes with a gallon water tote with a fill valve with auto shutoff, mounted water and electrical enclosures, and lifting eyes and forklift pads. Second, he wants to do some experiments with rejuvenators and expand the variety of products he may want to add, especially as he continues his RAS and RAP experiments.

Operating this drum results in real savings that add up. Operate in the most efficient way possible and save fuel with the V-Pack TM stack temperature control system 2. Producers have streamlined processes. This installment looks at the roof of the haul truck cab.

The paver operator, dump man and screed operators are tasked with watch-. Their attention is typically focused downward, not up. If the paving train moves forward at 20 feet per minute, the paver may push the truck, with its body in the air, right into a mature tree branch or—worse—into live wires.

The downtime involved when a truck gets tangled up in wires amounts to thousands of dollars at best, serious injuries at worst. Other crew members should not approach the truck and should not attempt to untangle wires. A member of the crew will contact the utility company, of course, but will also contact emergency responders to assist. Trying to exit the cab before the utility company has ensured power has been cut off to the affected wires can result in serious injury or even death. Truck drivers still need to be on the lookout for dangers overhead.

When independent haul truck driver Steve Murray wanted extra safety, he in-. Construction Angels Inc. Our goal is to assist the family at the beginning of their grieving process with hopes to provide them with a sense of comfort, both financially and emotionally.

Construction Angels wants to make an everlasting impression and impact within the industry, one family at a time. The third annual event was held at the Bergeron Rodeo Grounds in Davie, Florida, April 15, and featured an all-day battle of the best chicken wings and sauces from at least 14 of the best restaurants in the area with celebrity judging.

Live rock and country bands entertained a record-setting audience. Because Construction Angels is a national organization, Ronyak seeks ways to expand its good work beyond the headquarters of Florida. A Michigan contractor, Giannetti Contracting Corporation in Sterling Heights, is fundamental to that recent piece of success.

Construction Angels also provides grief counseling to those families who have lost loved ones in our industry. We have partnered with various organizations and charities to ensure Construction Angels is able to assist these families during tragic times. Our goal is to operate in every state and to assist these families around the United States.

To help the organization help more families in their most dire time, everyday workers can get involved without traveling to Davie, Florida, for the annual WingsFest. Ronyak has another, easy way workers can pay it forward to help one another. By providing the form to your human resources department, you authorize the payroll department to deduct a dollar or two—or whatever you are comfortable donating—from each of your paychecks.

The way Ronyak explained it makes perfect sense. That may not seem like much to the person doing the donating, but it adds up for the Construction Angels and for the families who suffer a tragedy down the road. At press time, Construction Angels was hard at work preparing for the next fundraising events in the four regions in which it operates, and working to incorporate offices in additional states.

AsphaltPro magazine is honored to bring attention to this good work and to increase awareness of construction safety. Your tax deductible donations help support families that have lost a loved one, working on a construction site.

Construction Angels, Inc. Is your family prepared? Everyone expects to return home at the end of the day to our families, but for unforeseen accidents, the loss of a family member or friend is heartbreaking. Give a copy of this form to your Employer. What would you like to do?

Check only one box, and then complete all sections of this form. To stop payroll deduction speak with your employer. Contribution Instructions You must complete all applicable parts of this section.

Unless otherwise indicated, your deductions will begin as soon as possible following receipt of all paperwork in good order. Employee Authorization and Signature By signing below, I authorize my employer to process periodic deductions from my paycheck for contribution into the Construction Angels, Inc. This authorization will remain in effect until canceled by me or by the Employer, Charity, or upon termination of my employment with my employer. Promotes better coating and chemical adhesion of asphalt to aggregate for better moisture damage resistance.

Eight years later, what was once an interesting idea is now a standard practice across most of the nation. The construction season survey results were released in March , and NAPA is currently surveying the industry about use of these technologies and materials during The first survey found that barely 43 percent of U.

Since that time, growth in warm-mix production has increased dramatically, although the adoption curve has begun to plateau See Figure 1. During the construction season, some Seventy-eight per-. IS is now available. To download a full copy of the survey, visit www. The numbers are a dramatic percent increase in WMA tonnage and a percent increase in the use of WMA when considered as a percent of total tons since It is also a greater than 5 percent increase in tonnage over the construction season and a 1.

State departments of transportation remain the biggest customers for WMA. Nearly For other public agencies, such as cities and counties, 34 percent of the tonnage was WMA.

For commercial and residential customers, the percentage was slightly higher at Figure 2 shows WMA use as a percent of total asphalt mixture production in each state.

For additional product information and services please visit : www. Figure 2. Of the available WMA technologies, plant foaming remains the most common, being used for 72 percent of the WMA produced in The use of chemical additive technologies reached an all-time high. Additive foaming and organic additives make up the remainder of the market.

The percent of WMA produced with additive technologies has grown significantly since when they made up less than 5 percent of the WMA technologies used. In total, companies representing 1, plants participated in the survey. Responses came from 48 U.

Kent Hansen, P. Audrey Copeland, Ph. Carter Ross handles communications for the association. For over 30 years, Hotmix Parts has supplied all types of equal to or better than original equipment parts in equipment.

Most important, we have the experienced personnel and technical know-how to help support and improve your plant and make it run better. Every brand and every type of asphalt plant can be improved and upgraded.

Innovative employees know how to make a job flow more smoothly for a company. For Lindy Paving Inc. Project Engineer Kyle Monceaux and Senior IT Business Analyst Steve van Vliet reached out to Robert Carroll, the vice president of commercial initiatives for Nearmap, a location content provider specializing in high-resolution, aerial imagery, to set up a mapping technology within the app. Now the new app helps Lindy Paving lower expenses while increasing revenue. The field data collection app is browser-based and designed to increase efficiencies in communication and project management of its plus paving projects conducted each season.

Created for both field and office use, the browser app replaces reams of paper maps, spreadsheets and PDF files, while allowing planners and estimators to prepare for projects without physically going to the site.

In the past, the company had to send a field engineer to walk the site and take pictures of problem areas. General consumer grade technology such as Google Earth could not provide them the detail that project managers need-. We developed our own camera and data collection system. In future versions of the app, Lindy plans to build in tools allowing calculations and drawing directly on the Nearmap imagery to determine exactly where objects will go on any given project.

For example, one of their clients — a large utility company — works with Lindy to repave roads and sidewalks of the hundreds of infrastructure repair locations they work on each year. The aerial images show Lindy crews the exact locations of their projects.

Planning is something Nearmap can assist clients with thanks to the regularity and frequency of flights and image collection. Carroll said the flights take place several times a year, which means pictures are updated on a regular basis, keeping images current. So we can see and track changes over time. Lindy Paving Inc. Lindy has consistently delivered award-winning asphalt paving and product manufacturing.

Hayes awards and has continued to attain Quality in Construction awards since then. The company boasts five asphalt plants and a terminal in the state to serve its own paving crews as well as customers. The drum mix plants are set up to produce any mix design for commercial, municipal or state projects, including warm-mix asphalt when needed. You can approach any one of their executives and sit down to discuss an idea. Left: Kyle Monceaux, project engineer at Lindy Paving who worked with the team on the field data collection app.

Middle: Steve van Vliet, senior IT business analyst in the Lindy family of companies who worked with the team on the field data collection app.

Right: Robert Carroll, vice president of commercial initiatives for Nearmap, a location content provider specializing in highresolution, aerial imagery. In future versions of the app, Lindy plans to build in tools allowing calculations and drawing directly on the Nearmap imagery to determine exactly where objects will go on any given project, which will help in developing estimates.

Amazon S3 media storage, and aerial map services provided by Nearmap. More efficient crew management—The Nearmap imagery allows crews to see the project site before they physically go there. It does not require a lot of clicks and steps to get to the information they need.

Pre- and post-construction information— Nearmap within the app provides all the key data points and a whole view of the project lifecycle. Visibility and access to all key data points allows Lindy to better plan and prioritize projects, which leads to increased projects and revenue. Reduced staffing—The increased effectiveness of all parties involved has eliminated the need to add additional staff to manage the more than projects completed in a single paving season.

This type of innovation allows Lindy Paving to make informed decisions rapidly. They plan and deploy resources in a highly efficient manner. Help educate future generations about the value of asphalt roads while providing a positive community message about your asphalt facility!!!!! Special pricing available on quantities over 5,, call for pricing. You face choices every day. Get started paving your road to success with ADM.

EnhanceWhat you can do with your invention depends on the circumstancments and improvements come from a variety of sources—original equipment manufacturers OEMs , plant operators, and other industry es surrounding how you conceived it, and your employment situation workers. First, regarding the circumstances of your your asphalt work easier, quicker, safer, or better? What should you do invention, did you create the invention on your own or did someone with your idea?

Who do you tell? What steps can you take to protect your else help you create the invention? Believe it or not, this simple quesidea? Is your idea patentable and should you consider filing for a patent? What things can you do for prototyping and developing your invention? If you created the idea on your own and on your own time and with How does the process of obtaining a patent work?

What do you do with your own resources, then you can generally control what you can do a patent once it is awarded? These questions and many more will be anwith the idea. For Ruby and his BarrelMover, he developed the prodswered as part of this three-part series written to provide you with some uct at home, on his own time, and then tested it in the field. Howevimportant information about the role intellecer, if you jointly created the idea with another person, then you are each considered to be an tual property, such as patents and trademarks, inventor, and, absent an agreement otherwise, plays in road construction, and specifically the Although there may be a each has a right to the invention.

If you are employed by a comover the years to make paving safer and quickmay be better to keep any er, and ultimately deliver a better finished road pany or work as an independent contractor for such plans secret until surface. However, many of the best ideas come a company, often times, many employers have after a patent application from those who are trying to improve the way an intellectual property clause included in an has been filed.

For examemployment contract. Often times, such employment clauses require the employee to assign his or her rights in the invention ponent. If you work for a company and have created a new inyears to improve how you do your job, you will at some point. Kyle Ruby of BarrelMover LLC, Dry Ridge, Kentucky, is an vention, consider contacting your supervisor or an in-house attorney, if example of an individual who came up with a better and safer way of there is one on staff, to determine what corporate procedures, if any, are performing road work and turned it into a successful business.

When in place for inventors and their ideas. Although your invention may be lanes are closed for paving or other roadwork, cones or barrels are ofcompany property, a number of companies often have an inventor proten moved on and off of the road manually by the road crew. Ruby developed a system that connects It is imperative for an inventor to thoroughly document his invento a vehicle such that when the vehicle is driven down the lane, the bartion.

Any questions about how this information might affect your particular situation should be addressed to an attorney. ASTEC Retrofit Controls expand and improve your capabilities with an all new control system customized to fit your needs. When our outdated controls started to give us problems, we knew it was time to upgrade. We chose Astec because of the service. Astec has the absolute best service. Now we know when the mix is in tolerance; therefore, we waste less asphalt.

In part two of this series, we will look at some important things to consider when bringing your new idea to market, including non-disclosure agreements, business formation, obtaining investor support, and some important business aspects such as operating as an individual versus as a corporation. Finally, part three of this series will provide you with some guidance regarding the patent process, including parts of a patent application, performing a patent search, the rights conferred by a patent, and the limitations of patent coverage.

Ronyak of Odor Solutions Group, Arizona, developed his product while a plant operator back in the s. He applied for the U. These details will be helpful to the patent attorney who prepares your patent application, but can also be used in the event there is a dispute over inventorship or ownership of the patent.

While it may be necessary to prove your idea commercially through a working prototype, no such working prototype is required to prove patentability of your invention at the U. Their work includes counseling clients on various intellectual property issues including drafting and prosecuting patent applications, trademark applications, licensing patents, enforcing patents, and avoiding patent infringement.

Their client base spans different technologies and industries including general mechanical, construction equipment, power generation, aerospace, energy, biological, and chemical industries. For further information, contact Mack at bmack lathropgage. The system provides real time status of asphalt storage tanks, and hot oil heaters directly to a smart phone. The messaging feature keeps you updated with over 80 different messages, allowing you to easily monitor the status of your heater.

With added clarity, monitoring your plant has never been easier. Get alert messages directly to your phone, tablet or PC.

Record trending data of temperatures, levels, and alarms. Recon now gives the option to display metric units or conventional U. Easily add the system to a new or existing plant.

The manufacturer says its high-tech casing reduces heat buildup inside the tire, which offers lower fuel consumption and prolonged service life. To contact someone about the Magna MA11, you email info magnatyres. The series will be available in September. Even the peripheral equipment you must have on every job has some news. For more information on that, you have to contact your local Schwarze dealer or call Schwarze direct at Check out some other paving and pavement maintenance related products and services that have hit the marketplace this year to enhance your bottom line.

Allmand Bros. The smallest unit in the new Maxi-Power line from Allmand Bros. The line includes seven maneuverable generators ranging in output from 25 to 50 kilovolt amps. The generators feature a heavy-duty, oversized alternator with separate excitation winding to handle large motors and variable loads. The automatic voltage regulator is designed to adjust quickly to provide stable and consistent voltage for powering sensitive equipment.

Maxi-Power generators switch between and Hertz frequencies. All models adjust between , and volts in single-phase power, and , , or volts in three-phase. An electronic governor maintains engine speed independent of the load.

The Maxi-Power series features programmable start and stop capabilities for use as a standby system. Features include a large-capacity fuel tank, external fuel connections, a high-capacity cold start battery, a dual filtration system, durable inch tires and an adjustable couple channel for towing ease.

For more information, contact or info allmandcom. The end product size is defined by the space between the combs. Because the screening combs carry most of the material weight, the drums and bearings experience less impact and load.

The TS drums are available with two different blade types: standard for screening applications; axe for crushing or shredding. Available blade sizes include: 0. The TS assembly is available in seven different models for The optional FLEXMIX, adjustable door is located above the rear discharge door to provide flexible mixing of material inside the rotor chamber. For more information, contact Tim Hoover at or tim.

The RS from BOMAG Americas has a forward operating speed of up to feet per minute, and uses variable rotor speeds from to rpm to match rotor speed to the application.

The new vibratory roller is designed to compact with the front drum and deliver a smooth finish with the rear pneumatic tires. An offset drum with tapered edge and high curb clearance is designed for tight spaces; adjustable scrapers, an automatic vibration control system and a pressurized water system offer smoothness for asphalt applications.

It features an operating weight of The DV45CC has a It features standard dual amplitudes of 0. The automatic vibration control system provides automatic or operator-controlled start and stop to the drum. For more information, visit CaseCE. All models are available in a ROPS version or with a fully tinted panoramic cab. With both versions, the driver has a view of the drum edges, the edge pressing and cutting equipment, as well as the construction site.

Viewing panes in the cab floor ensure the driver can always see the rollers or wheels. The Easy Drive operating concept provides top-class ergonomics and comfort in the cab, according to the manufacturer. The 9-foot, A dual staircase with handrails flanks the machine, allowing workers to cross the paving train without risk of being on the ground between machines.

It features a dump hopper with inch triple-pitch segmented auger for mild re-blending before material moves toward the paver, and offers a tph capacity. Sized for mass discharge from standard haul trucks, the front hopper is de-. The machines are built by American workers in Chattanooga, Tennessee.

A vibrating bottom plate in the hopper is designed to prevent material build-up. Heavy duty, swiveling support casters under the hopper are designed to provide smooth movement.

The dump hopper is controlled from the main operator platform. For more information, contact Eric Baker at or ebaker roadtec. The seat offers five positions to choose from ranging from front facing to plus or minus 45 degrees and plus or minus 90 degrees, depending on.

The cabbed version of the inch Sakai SW vibratory double-drum roller is designed with operators in extreme climates. However, operators throughout the industry can benefit from a quieter, dust-free environment that an enclosed cab provides. We build long-term trusted relationships by helping our customers optimize overall plant performance and run at peak efficiency. To swivel the seat, operators simply depress the pedal at the lower right side to release the lock while sitting.

The Sakai SW with cab has a maximum operating weight of 31, pounds 14, kg with load on front axle at 14, pounds 6, kg and load on rear axle of 14, pounds 6, kg. High-frequency, low-profile vibratory rollers offer low-profile vibration at 4, vpm.

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